Effect of the combination of diuretics, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitors, and non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs or metamizole (triple whammy) on hospitalisation due to acute kidney injury: A nested case–control study

Abstract

Purpose: Concomitant use of diuretics, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or metamizole, known as 'triple whammy' (TW), has been associated with an increased risk of acute kidney injury (AKI). Nevertheless, there is still uncertainty on its impact in hospitalisation and mortality. The aim of the study was to analyse the association between exposure to TW and the risk of hospitalisation for AKI, all-cause mortality and the need for renal replacement therapy (RRT).