Acute infectious diarrhea. II. Diagnosis, treatment and prevention

Williams, Elizabeth K.; Lohr, Jacob A.; Guerrant, Richard L.

doi:10.1097/00006454-198607000-00017

Cited by 17 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…The rationale for this approach is to provide bowel rest and to prevent the possibility of food-induced malabsorption (360). Intravenous therapy is needed for severely sick children, who are (i) in shock and unable to drink fluids, (ii) persistently vomiting, and (iii) having stool losses of >100 ml/kg per h and (iv) who cannot tolerate oral fluids (360,396).…”

Section: Vol 2 1989mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Human viral gastroenteritis

Christensen

1989

Clin Microbiol Rev

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During the last 15 years, several different groups of fastidious viruses that are responsible for a large proportion of acute viral gastroenteritis cases have been discovered by the electron microscopic examination of stool specimens. This disease is one of the most prevalent and serious clinical syndromes seen around the world, especially in children. Rotaviruses, in the family Reoviridae, and fastidious fecal adenoviruses account for much of the viral gastroenteritis in infants and young children, whereas the small caliciviruses and unclassified astroviruses, and possibly enteric coronaviruses, are responsible for significantly fewer cases overall. In addition to electron microscopy, enzyme immunoassays and other rapid antigen detection systems have been developed to detect rotaviruses and fastidious fecal adenoviruses in the stool specimens of both nonhospitalized patients and those hospitalized for dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. Experimental rotavirus vaccines have also been developed, due to the prevalence and seriousness of rotavirus infection. The small, unclassified Norwalk virus and morphologically similar viruses are responsible for large and small outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in older children, adolescents, and adults. Hospitalization of older patients infected with these viruses is usually not required, and their laboratory diagnoses have been limited primarily to research laboratories.

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Section: Vol 2 1989mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Often oral sugar-electrolyte rehydration solutions are used in the United States for maintenance therapy of mild diarrhea with dehydration, as an interim feeding prior to grading to a normal diet, or are incorporated with early refeeding to restore nutritional losses (218,360,396 (396).…”

Section: Vol 2 1989mentioning

confidence: 99%

Human viral gastroenteritis

Christensen

1989

Clin Microbiol Rev

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Section: Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the routine use of intravenous hydration for less severely ill children has been questioned recently. Often oral sugar-electrolyte rehydration solutions are used in the United States for maintenance therapy of mild diarrhea with dehydration, as an interim feeding prior to grading to a normal diet, or are incorporated with early refeeding to restore nutritional losses (218,360,396).…”

Section: Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human viral gastroenteritis.

Christensen¹

1989

Clinical Microbiology Reviews

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CHRISTENSEN propagated by using special cell types or techniques or both (320, 353, 372). In addition, a variety of in vitro detection systems, including enzyme immunoassays (149, 175, 333, 408), radioimmunoassays (137, 141, 181, 264), latex agglutination (140, 169), and nucleic acid hybridization techniques (116, 175), have been developed for their rapid detection. The detection and identification of these agents are important since viral gastroenteritis is the second most common clinical entity in developed countries, second only to viral upper respiratory tract illness (188). Worldwide, acute gastroenteritis and its associated dehydration afflicts almost 500 million children annually. In underdeveloped or developing countries, acute gastroenteritis, including viral gastroenteritis, is the leading cause of death of children under the age of 4 years (360). Since 1980, a wealth of literature has developed covering many aspects of these viruses and the infections they cause, including their molecular biology, epidemiology, immunology, and clinical features. In addition, detection tests for routine use have been developed for rotaviruses (310) and fecal adenoviruses (333) and experimental rotavirus vaccines have been developed (184, 377, 379, 380). Of these viruses, rotaviruses are the most common known cause of viral gastroenteritis in infants and young children, with the fastidious fecal adenoviruses most likely being the second most common cause in this age group (301, 369). Calici-, astro-, and coronaviruses are probably responsible for a minority of illness in the young age group (253, 302). In contrast, the Norwalk and Norwalk-like viruses have caused considerable numbers of outbreaks of gastroenteritis among older children, adolescents, and adults (136, 137, 189). ROTAVIRUSES Epidemiology Rotaviruses were first discovered in humans 15 years ago by Bishop et al. (18, 19) by the EM examination of duodenal

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“…The majority of infections that occur in neonates are described as mild or asymptomatic [22], but cases with severe diarrhoea, necrotizing enterocolitis, bowel perforation and death have also been reported [10,23]. Dehydration is more common with rotavirus infection than with most bacterial pathogens [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%