Acute Hematological and Inflammatory Responses to High-intensity Exercise Tests: Impact of Duration and Mode of Exercise

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the hematological and inflammatory responses to 4 maximal high-intensity protocols, considering energy expenditure in each test. 9 healthy volunteers performed 4 high-intensity exercise tests of short [Wingate (WANT); Repeated-sprints (RSA)] and long durations [Continuous VO test (VCONT); intermittent VO test (VINT)] in a cycle-ergometer, until exhaustion. Hematological parameters and IL-6, IL-10 and creatine kinase (CK) levels were determined before (PRE), POST, 30 min, 1, 2, 12 and 24 h after the end of the protocols. Additionally, energy expenditure was determined. Leucocytes, erythrocytes and lymphocytes increased at POST and returned to PRE values at 30 min for all protocols. Lymphocytes had a second decreased at 2 h and granulocytes increased at 2 h when compared to PRE. Both variables returned to PRE values between 12-24 h into recovery. The magnitude of response for IL-6 was greater in VINT and for IL-10 in VCONT. There was no association of energy expenditure within each exercise protocol with the pattern of IL-6, IL-10 and CK responses to the exercise protocols. The present finding support that similar responses after continuous or intermittent acute protocols are observed when exercises are performed to volitional failure, regardless of the duration and mode of exercise.

Effects of resveratrol on reducing spermatogenic dysfunction caused by high-intensity exercise

“…According to the inflammatory cytokine analysis, inflammation in the testis was significantly enhanced in the IE group compared to the control group. This reinforces previous results that high-intensity exercise can cause inflammation [25]. Moreover, several studies have shown that systemic inflammation can inhibit testosterone secretion without relying on hypothalamic-pituitary levels, and also cause damage to the sperm [26, 27].…”

Immune and Hormonal Response to High-intensity Exercise During Orienteering

“…Other studies found increased levels of specific blood cytokines during intense physical exercise. For instance, after long-duration and high intensity exercise, the circulating levels of IL-6 can increase by up to 100-fold [21], producing a strong anti-inflammatory response [22]. In this respect, although IL-6 is classified as an inflammatory cytokine, in physical exercise it is considered an anti-inflammatory cytokine that regulates the acute inflammatory response [5].…”

“…In a study on the use of IL-6 and IL-10 in the treatment of circulatory diseases, IL-6 has been shown to increase the secretion of cortisol and IL-10. These data indicate that both hormones and cytokines contribute to the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise [21][22][23].…”

Bout duration in high-intensity interval exercise modifies hematologic, metabolic and antioxidant responses

“…This biphasic response is consistent with studies using strenuous or interval exercise. 6 , 9 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 The delayed exercise-induced lymphocytopenia may occur for several hours 5 , 6 , 55 and reflects the preferential movement of lymphocyte subtypes with potent effector functions (e.g., NK cells, γδ T cells, and CD8 + T cells) out of the blood 11 as an integral part of the physiological stress response to exercise. 11 Reduced lymphocyte count and function is associated with immunosuppression and increased risk for infection, 12 although this remains a controversial topic.…”

“… 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 Some previous studies have shown that an acute session of SIT or HIIE induces large alterations on hematologic profile, redox status and metabolic indices. 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 However, few studies have attempted to compare the effects of different HIIE protocols on these responses, 6 , 7 while there is little or no information for HIIE performed at an intensity around VO 2 max and bout durations less than 1 min. 9 , 10 It is known that strenuous exercise may cause a temporary decrease in immune cell function, creating a potential “open window” for infection.…”