Acute columnaris infection in channel catfish, <i>Ictalurus punctatus</i> (Rafinesque): efficacy of practical treatments for warmwater aquaculture ponds

Thomas-Jinu, S; Goodwin, Andrew E.

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2761.2003.00504.x

Cited by 56 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Chloramine-T, potassium permanganate, benzalkonium chloride, hydrogen peroxide and copper sulphate have all been tested experimentally and shown to be effective (Jee & Plumb 1981, Wakabayashi 1991, Speare & Arsenault 1997, Altinok 2004. In a study by Thomas-Jinu & Goodwin (2004), Diquat ® (herbicide) was shown to be very effective against columnaris disease, and no fish mortality occurred after challenge with F. columnare. However, the chemicals mentioned above can be harmful to the fish and the user (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of columnaris disease of rainbow trout: low pH and salt as possible tools?

Suomalainen¹,

Tiirola²,

Valtonen³

2005

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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The impact of salt and low pH on columnaris disease of fish was studied. Survival of Flavobacterium columnare after exposure to either 4% NaCl (pH 7.2) or pH 5.0, pH 4.86 or pH 4.6 for 15 min or 1 h was studied in vitro. All conditions significantly reduced the numbers of viable bacterial cells. The effects of salt (4 and 2%) and acidic baths (pH 4.6) were studied in 2 experiments in vivo with rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss infected with F. columnare. Both salt and acidic baths failed to prevent fish mortality; the overall mortality reached 100% in all groups. However, according to survival analysis, the mortality rate was lower in fish treated with 4% salt baths compared to a control group. The buffering capacity of fish skin mucus against low water pH was also studied. Fish skin mucus was an efficient buffer against decreased water pH and the pH of the skin could be remarkably higher than that of the mucus. This may explain the failure of bath treatments to prevent mortality providing that attached F. columnare are located below the mucus surface. We suggest, however, that salt and acidic bath treatments can be used to disinfect water containing F. columnare cells shed by infected fish and thus prevent the transmission of the disease.KEY WORDS: Flavobacterium columnare · Treatment · Bathing · pH · NaCl Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 65: [115][116][117][118][119][120] 2005 0.5% NaCl (Bernardet & Grimont 1989). Soltani & Burke (1994) have also shown that F. columnare is sensitive to salt concentrations above 1% and a pH below 5.0. In the study by Altinok & Grizzle (2001), rearing of fish in salinities of 3 and 9 ‰ after challenging with F. columnare prevented mortality associated with F. columnare infection. In Finland, columnaris disease has been detected in inland fish farms but not in coastal brackish water areas (salinity between 2 and 7 ‰). Previous results and the distribution of the disease in Finland suggest that low pH and increased salt concentration may offer a way to treat columnaris disease.In this study, the survival of Flavobacterium columnare in vitro at pH values of 4.68, 4.8 and 5.0 or in 4% NaCl solution was investigated. We also studied how bathing fish in low pH (4.6) and high salt concentrations (2 or 4%) affects the progression of columnaris disease under experimental conditions. The buffering capacity of fish skin was also examined in order to explain the contradictory results obtained from the in vitro and in vivo experiments of this study. MATERIALS AND METHODSIn vitro experiment. Seven Flavobacterium columnare strains were previously isolated from disease outbreaks at Finnish fish farms and were chosen to represent different genotypes based on length differences in their intergenic spacer regions (Table 1, authors' unpubl. data). Ten ml of Shieh medium pH 7.2 (Shieh 1980) was inoculated with 500 µl of fresh bacterial culture and cultivated at 22°C with constant agitation (200 rpm) for 16 h for the culture to r...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of columnaris disease of rainbow trout: low pH and salt as possible tools?

Suomalainen¹,

Tiirola²,

Valtonen³

2005

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…Bacterial diseases of freshwater fish epithelia have been extensively studied with the primary focus upon bacteria from the Cytophagales, such as bacterial gill disease caused by Flavobacterium branchiophilum (Ostland et al 1994(Ostland et al , 1995, and necrotizing skin diseases such as columnaris disease caused by F. columnare (Thomas-Jinu & Goodwin 2004) and bacterial cold-water disease caused by F. psychrophilum (Cipriano et al 1996 and review by Nematollahi et al 2003). However, in marine fishes relatively few bacterial skin and gill diseases have been characterised.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental induction of gill disease in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts with Tenacibaculum maritimum

Powell¹,

Carson²,

Gelderen³

2004

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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An experimentally induced bacterial infection of marine Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolt gills was developed using strains of Tenacibaculum maritimum originally isolated from disease outbreaks in Tasmania. The gills of salmon were inoculated with a high concentration of bacteria (4 × 10 11 cells per fish) of either strain 00/3280 or 89/4747 T. maritimum. Gentle abrasion of the gills was used to enhance the progression of gill disease. One strain (00/3280) was highly pathogenic, causing morbidity and mortality within 24 h post-inoculation, and produced acute focal branchial necrosis associated with significant increases in plasma osmolality and lactate concentration compared with controls (non-inoculated) or strain 89/4747-inoculated fish. There were no differences in the whole body net ammonium flux between control (non-inoculated) and strain 00/3820-inoculated fish. Gill abrasion resulted in acute telangiectasis and focal lamellar hyperplasia in all fish regardless of bacterial inoculation. This work provides the basis of a challenge model suitable for investigating the pathophysiological processes associated with acute branchial necrosis in marine fish, suggesting that osmoregulatory and possibly respiratory dysfunction are the primary consequences of infection. KEY WORDS: Atlantic salmon · Tenacibaculum maritimum · Pathophysiology · Gill disease · Osmoregulation · Respiration Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 61: [179][180][181][182][183][184][185] 2004 MATERIALS AND METHODS Preparation of bacterial cultures. Cultures ofTenacibaculum maritimum were isolated by the Department of Primary Industry, Water and Environment from the skin of farmed salmon from Tasmania, Australia, with clinical cases of cutaneous erosion disease. The cultures were designated 89/4747 (Atlantic salmon) and 00/3280 (rainbow trout) and were isolated in 1989 and 2000 respectively. The bacteria were isolated on the medium of Anacker & Ordal (1959), formulated with seawater. Isolates were identified using a 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) PCR primer set specific for T. maritimum (Carson 1998). Cultures were stored frozen at -80°C on MicroBank beads (Pro-Lab Diagnostics) until required.Cultures for infection trials were prepared by inoculating 200 ml of Shieh's medium (Song et al. 1988) formulated with seawater (mineral salts buffer, MSB) in a 1 l conical flask and incubated with gentle agitation (30 cycles min -1 ) at 20 to 22°C for 48 h. The cell suspension was harvested by centrifugation at 2500 µg RCF (relative centrifugal force) for 20 min and the pellet washed twice with sterile seawater. Harvested cells were resuspended in 15 ml of sterile seawater.Experimental series 1: Infection study. Atlantic salmon smolts of mean mass (± SE) 77.0 ± 2.9 g were acclimated to full strength seawater (35 ppt) over a period of 10 d, then allocated to triplicate tanks (4 fish per tank, n = 12 per treatment) and allowed to habituate for 24 h prior to anaesthetization with AQUI-S (0.04 ml l...

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“…One limitation that has prevented a more comprehensive understanding of columnaris disease in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) has been the lack of a standardized immersion F. columnare infectivity model, which has made comparison of findings among laboratories difficult. Immersion infectivity models with F. columnare and channel catfish have routinely required disrupting the integrity of skin through abrasion or have led to uncharacteristic acute or large-scale mortality of test animals (Altinok and Grizzle, 2001;Bader et al, 2003;Thomas-Jinu and Goodwin, 2004;Bader et al, 2006;Soto et al, 2008;Darwish et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water hardness influences Flavobacterium columnare pathogenesis in channel catfish

et al. 2015

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Acute columnaris infection in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque): efficacy of practical treatments for warmwater aquaculture ponds

Cited by 56 publications

References 10 publications

Treatment of columnaris disease of rainbow trout: low pH and salt as possible tools?

Treatment of columnaris disease of rainbow trout: low pH and salt as possible tools?

Experimental induction of gill disease in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts with Tenacibaculum maritimum

Water hardness influences Flavobacterium columnare pathogenesis in channel catfish

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