Acute cardiopulmonary responses to strength training, high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training

Falz, Roberto; Fikenzer, Sven; Holzer, Roman; Laufs, Ulrich; Fikenzer, Kati; Busse, Martin

doi:10.1007/s00421-019-04138-1

Cited by 19 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…Blood lactate concentration peaked after interval 2 and was equal to 9.3 mM, although values ranging from 4.8 to 12.5 mM were demonstrated across participants. These values parallel those previously reported in response to the 4 × 4 protocol equal to 8.5 and 12.1 mM [16,20] and emphasize substantial contribution of glycolysis towards adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply during the session. Interestingly, BLa declined in the latter half of the session, which is likely related to the reduction in power output, as well as oxidation of lactate [23].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…To elucidate the day-to-day variability in our measures and best characterize the HR and PO response to 4 × 4 in an attempt to develop a protocol that can be used in a similar population, three men of similar age, body mass, and VO 2 max as our sample performed the 4 × 4 protocol at the same time of day on three separate days. Other studies on this topic [16,20] did not present reliability data, and we believed that testing only 3 individuals would provide enough data to exhibit the stability in these outcomes across days. Total duration between 85 and 95% HR max and mean HR during intervals 1-4 were not different (p > 0.05), highly related (ICC = 0.75-0.95), and yielded minimal differences in time (0.5 min for total time and 0.1 min in each interval) and HR (<2 b/min) across trials.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Our overall time spent in this zone in greater than that demonstrated in active men completing the 4 × 4 protocol on a cycle ergometer. Falz et al [20] reported that only 68 ± 8% of the session was spent between 85 and 95% HR max, with time in this zone equal to 46 ± 22% for interval 1 and 69 ± 12 for interval 2. Their warmup was completed at 50% PPO, which should increase HR more so than that used in the current study (25% PPO), so we have no explanation for this discrepancy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This discrepancy is explained by their slightly higher intensity (90-95% HR max) and their male subjects' higher VO 2 max and in turn, higher PPO that is attendant with a greater decline in HR in recovery that requires a larger increase in work rate. Falz et al [20] reported a mean work rate equal to 68% PPO during completion of the 4 × 4 protocol, although they did not report values for each interval. We recommend that, for participants with average to above average VO 2 max, as used in Tucker et al [18], power outputs slightly higher than our values be used; whereas, in subjects with below average VO 2 max, using similar or slightly lower work rates will elicit substantial duration between 85 and 95% HRmax and promote completion of the protocol.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterizing the Heart Rate Response to the 4 × 4 Interval Exercise Protocol

Acala

Roche-Willis

Astorino

2020

IJERPH

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High intensity interval training is frequently implemented using the 4 × 4 protocol where four 4-min bouts are performed at heart rate (HR) between 85 and 95% HR max. This study identified the HR and power output response to the 4 × 4 protocol in 39 active men and women (age and VO2 max = 26.0 ± 6.1 years and 37.0 ± 5.4 mL/kg/min). Initially, participants completed incremental cycling to assess VO2 max, HR max, and peak power output (PPO). They subsequently completed the 4 × 4 protocol, during which HR and power output were monitored. Data showed that 12.9 ± 0.4 min of 16 min were spent between 85 and 95% HR max, with time spent significantly lower in interval 1 (2.7 ± 0.6 min) versus intervals 2–4 (3.4 ± 0.4 min, 3.4 ± 0.3 min, and 3.5 ± 0.3 min, d = 2.4–2.7). Power output was highest in interval 1 (75% PPO) and significantly declined in intervals 2–4 (63 to 54% PPO, d = 0.7–1.0). To enhance time spent between 85 and 95% HR max for persons with higher fitness, we recommend immediate allocation of supramaximal intensities in interval one.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Characterizing the Heart Rate Response to the 4 × 4 Interval Exercise Protocol

Acala

Roche-Willis

Astorino

2020

IJERPH

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“…HIIT is a discontinuous mode of exercise which is characterised by short bouts of high intensity exercise, interspersed by periods of rest or low intensity exercise (Meyer et al 2013 ; Tschakert and Hofmann 2013 ). It is reported that long-stage HIIT acutely resulted in higher haemodynamic responses compared to a MICON protocol (Falz et al 2019 ). This increased haemodynamic response increased blood flow to the working muscles and in turn can increase the shear-stress-induced NOx bioavailability (Wisloff et al 2007 ) which could up-regulate the mobilisation of circulating EPCs (Laufs et al 2004 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of different forms of exercise on endothelial progenitor cells in healthy populations

et al. 2022

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Circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) contribute to vascular healing and neovascularisation, while exercise is an effective means to mobilise EPCs into the circulation. Objectives: to systematically examine the acute and chronic effects of different forms of exercise on circulating EPCs in healthy populations. Methods: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines were followed. Results: thirty-one articles met the inclusion criteria including 747 participants aged 19 to 76 years. All included trials used flow cytometry for identification of circulating EPCs. Eight and five different EPC phenotypes were identified in the acute and chronic trials, respectively. In the acute trials, moderate intensity continuous (MICON), maximal, prolonged endurance, resistance and high intensity interval training (HIIT) exercise protocols were utilised. Prolonged endurance and resistance exercise had the most profound effect on circulating EPCs followed by maximal exercise. In the chronic trials, MICON exercise, HIIT, HIIT compared to MICON and MICON compared to exergame (exercise modality based on an interactive video game) were identified. MICON exercise had a positive effect on circulating EPCs in older sedentary individuals which was accompanied by improvements in endothelial function and arterial stiffness. Long-stage HIIT (4 min bouts) appears to be an effective means and superior than MICON exercise in mobilising circulating EPCs. In conclusion, both in acute and chronic trials the degree of exercise-induced EPC mobilisation depends upon the exercise regime applied. In future, more research is warranted to examine the dose–response relationship of different exercise forms on circulating EPCs using standardised methodology and EPC phenotype. Graphical abstract

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Electrically stimulated in vitro heart cell mimic of acute exercise reveals novel immediate cellular responses to exercise: Reduced contractility and metabolism, but maintained calcium cycling and increased myofilament calcium sensitivity

Costa,

Ghouri,

Johnston

et al. 2023

Cell Biochemistry & Function

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Cardiac cellular responses to acute exercise remain undescribed. We present a model for mimicking acute aerobic endurance exercise to freshly isolated cardiomyocytes by evoking exercise‐like contractions over prolonged periods of time with trains of electrical twitch stimulations. We then investigated immediate contractile, Ca2+, and metabolic responses to acute exercise in perfused freshly isolated left ventricular rat cardiomyocytes, after a matrix‐design optimized protocol and induced a mimic for acute aerobic endurance exercise by trains of prolonged field twitch stimulations. Acute exercise decreased cardiomyocyte fractional shortening 50%–80% (p < .01). This was not explained by changes to intracellular Ca2+ handling (p > .05); rather, we observed a weak insignificant Ca2+ transient increase (p = .11), while myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity increased 20%–70% (p < .05). Acidic pH 6.8 decreased fractional shortening 20%–70% (p < .05) because of 20%–30% decreased Ca2+ transients (p < .05), but no difference occurred between control and acute exercise (p > .05). Addition of 1 or 10 mM La− increased fractional shortening in control (1 mM La−: no difference, p > .05; 10 mM La−: 20%–30%, p < .05) and acute exercise (1 mM La−: 40%–90%, p < .01; 10 mM La−: 50%–100%, p < .01) and rendered acute exercise indifferent from control (p > .05). Intrinsic autofluorescence showed a resting NADstate of 0.59 ± 0.04 and FADstate of 0.17 ± 0.03, while acute exercise decreased NADH/FAD ratio 8% (p < .01), indicating intracellular oxidation. In conclusion, we show a novel approach for studying immediate acute cardiomyocyte responses to aerobic endurance exercise. We find that acute exercise in cardiomyocytes decreases contraction, but Ca2+ handling and myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity compensate for this, while acidosis and reduced energy substrate and mitochondrial ATP generation explain this.

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Acute cardiopulmonary responses to strength training, high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training

Cited by 19 publications

References 63 publications

Characterizing the Heart Rate Response to the 4 × 4 Interval Exercise Protocol

Characterizing the Heart Rate Response to the 4 × 4 Interval Exercise Protocol

The impact of different forms of exercise on endothelial progenitor cells in healthy populations

Electrically stimulated in vitro heart cell mimic of acute exercise reveals novel immediate cellular responses to exercise: Reduced contractility and metabolism, but maintained calcium cycling and increased myofilament calcium sensitivity

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