Acute and delayed responses of C-reactive protein, malondialdehyde and antioxidant markers after resistance training session in elite weightlifters: Effect of time of day

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of an Olympic-Weightlifting-session followed by 48-h recovery period on the oxidative and antioxidant parameters' diurnal variation. Nine weightlifters (21 ± 0.5 years) performed, in randomized order, three Olympic-Weightlifting-sessions at 08 h:00, 14 h:00 and 18 h:00. Blood samples were collected: at rest and 3 min and 48 h after each session. C-reactive protein (CRP), rate of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant activities were assessed. At rest, analysis of variance showed a significant time of day (TOD) effect (p < 0.05) for uric acid, catalase and glutathione peroxidase with higher values at 14 h:00 and 18 h:00 compared with 08 h:00. However, no significant TOD effect for malondialdehyde, total bilirubin and CRP was observed. Given the profound changes (p < 0.001) in the post-training session values, these diurnal variations have been altered immediately and even 48 h after the training sessions. Despite the significant decreases in the post-training values after the 48-h recovery period (p < 0.05), levels of lipid peroxidation and enzymatic defense remained elevated (p < 0.05) 48 h after the morning training session. However, after the afternoon and evening sessions, the same period was sufficient to return values to the baseline levels. In conclusion, the morning session seems to generate the most important acute and delayed lipid peroxidation responses. Therefore, weightlifting coaches should avoid scheduling their training sessions in the morning-hours.

Relationship between biomarkers of muscle damage and redox status in response to a weightlifting training session: effect of time-of-day

“…These divergences between elite weightlifter and healthy sedentary subjects could be due to the training level of the subjects and the effect of training at a specific TOD (i.e., participants of the present study regularly trained between 15:30 and 17:30). In this context, Bloomer et al (7,8), Subudhi et al (40), and Ammar et al (2) indicated that being experienced resistance trained could result in a lower MDA and muscle damage levels. On the other hand, the previous studies suggest a link between the diurnal variation of the oxidative stress and the muscle damage markers (11,32).…”

“…1). Olympic exercises and training hours were chosen according to the peak and the minimum of circadian rhythm of anaerobic performances and with regard to the findings reported in the literature (2,3,16).…”

“…Each training session includes three Olympic-Weightlifting exercises: snatch, clean and jerk, and the squat (2,3,26) with five sets for each exercise (i.e., two sets at 85% of 1-RM with three repetitions per set and three sets at 90% of 1-RM with two repetitions per set) with a passive recovery period of 5 min in-between (6). Each session was preceded by a 10-min warm-up, wherein the participants performed three to five repetitions with increasing loads (i.e., from 40% to 80% of the 1-RM).…”

Effects of natural polyphenol-rich pomegranate juice on the acute and delayed response of Homocysteine and steroidal hormones following weightlifting exercises: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

“…This exercise leads to an elevation of protein synthesis, activation of satellite cells, muscle cell signaling pathways and hormone responses [37]. Similarly, multiple physiological strain responses such as acute and delayed increases in muscle damage, oxidative stress and inflammation [20][21][22][23] have been also reported during strength exercise and particularly during Olympic weightlifting exercise. Therefore, weightlifting exercise, which is well known to elicit one of the highest peak power outputs and to requires high metabolic cost [38][39][40][41], was suggested to be the best exercise modality to test the efficacy of POM as an ergogenic and recovery aid supplementation during intensive exercise [10].…”

“…Since POM supplementation has the potential to enhance physiological responses of people manifesting symptoms of physiological stress [5][6][7][8][9], and as intensive physical exercise is a potent and multifaceted physiological stressor [20][21][22][23], previous reports have suggested POM supplementation as an effective ergogenic and recovery aid for athletic populations [24,25]. The effectiveness of POM supplementation on exercise performance and post-exercise recovery has been shown by numerous studies [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33].…”