“…Specifically, positive attitudes, expectancies, or images of smoking have been shown to be positively associated (Lee et al, 2019; Pokhrel et al, 2014; Subica et al, 2020; Tanjasiri et al, 2013; Yang et al, 2013; Yu et al, 2010), while negative attitudes and expectancies have been inversely associated (Pokhrel et al, 2014; Yang et al, 2013), with current and lifetime smoking among APIs. In addition, studies in this category also focused on correlates of current and lifetime smoking, such as craving (Cerrada, Ra, et al, 2016; Huh, Shin, et al, 2014; Pokhrel, Herzog, Muranaka, Regmi, et al, 2015), willingness to smoke (Wills, Sargent, Knight, et al, 2016), metamotivational states (Rosario-Sim et al, 2013), and motives for using/reasons for liking e-cigarettes (Maglalang et al, 2016; Pokhrel, Herzog, Muranaka, & Fagan, 2015; Pokhrel, Herzog, Muranaka, Regmi, et al, 2015) in APIs. For example, metamotivational states were examined in one study (Rosario-Sim et al, 2013), suggesting that first-time smoking in Asian American adolescents reflected a present-oriented, as opposed to goal- or future-oriented, state.…”