Actor-observer differences in perceptions of effective control.

Miller, Dale T.; Norman, Stephen A.

doi:10.1037/h0076485

Cited by 89 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The setting for Study 1 was in one important respect similar to that in a set of studies by Miller and Norman (1975) and Miller et al (1978). In those studies, as in Study 1, the participants expected to meet and interact with a stranger.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Motivation in Person Perception: Role of the Other's Perspective

Steins

2000

The Journal of Social Psychology

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In previous studies (G. Steins & R. A. Wicklund, 1993, 1996, 1997; R. A. Wicklund & G. Steins, 1996), perspective-taking depended on the interplay between 2 variables--(a) press (the relationship intensity between perceiver and perceived person) and (b) conflict. In the absence of conflict, perspective-taking was positively related to press; in the presence of conflict, perspective-taking was negatively related to press. In the present 3 studies, involving samples of German students, the author conducted a detailed exploration of the motivational impact of press on perspective-taking: In the 1st study, she measured press via the participant's wish to deal with the other person; in the 2nd study, via the perceiver's preoccupation with the target; and in the 3rd study, she defined press as a general tendency of some participants to become absorbed in other individuals. All 3 studies included elements of conflict. The results further supported the perspective-taking model and improved the understanding of the influence of motivation in person perception.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Motivation in Person Perception: Role of the Other's Perspective

Steins

2000

The Journal of Social Psychology

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“…This methodological issue should be readdressed since literature on attribution has consistently demonstrated actor-observer differences. Passive observers generally make significantly different attributions than actors who actively engage in an interaction (Miller & Norman, 1975;Miller, Norman, & Wright, 1978). It is essential to see how individuals evaluate the target of complaint or gossip when they are in the actor's role rather than the observer's role.…”

Section: Sharing a Negative Attitude And Interpersonal Bondingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Power of Sharing Negative Information in a Dyadic Context

Yoo¹

2009

Communication Reports

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The purpose of this study was to investigate a theoretical explanation of the mechanism of sharing negative attitudes and how it can have an impact on forming attitudes toward the targets and impressions about partners who engage in sharing attitudes. One hundred and fourteen university students were assigned to dyadic interactions with strangers and were asked to share positive, negative, or equally valenced aspects of a target topic. Findings indicated that sharing a negative attitude had significantly more capacity to change attitudes about a target in a negative direction than did sharing a mixed or a positive attitude. Sharing a negative attitude did not increase liking of one's partner. The practical implications and future directions of studying the Negativity Effect and interpersonal behavior are discussed.Among communicative behaviors such as complaining and gossiping, a common act of sharing a negative attitude can be found. In everyday interpersonal communication, sharing negative attitudes is a prevalent and prevailing phenomenon (Kowalski, 1996;Turner, Mazur, Wendel, & Winslow, 2003). Although complaining and gossiping have many implications associated with interpersonal communication, not many interpersonal communication scholars have devoted research to these behaviors. This study provides a theoretical explanation of the mechanism of sharing a negative attitude and its impact on forming (a) attitudes toward the targets and (b) impressions about partners who engage in negative attitude sharing interaction.Complaining usually accompanies acts of expressing dissatisfaction or an unfavorable attitude toward an object, person, or situation (Kowalski, 1996) as a means of Correspondence to:

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“…Participants, who are actively engaged in an interaction, or active observers, attribute the behaviors of the person with whom they are interacting to that person (Miller & Norman, 1975). In contrast, when people are observing a situation that they are not actively involved in, they are more likely to attribute people's behaviors to the situation (Miller & Norman, 1975).…”

Section: Problems With Hostile Attribution Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Real‐time hostile attribution measurement and aggression in children

Yaros

Lochman

Rosenbaum

et al. 2014

Aggressive Behavior

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Hostile attributions are acknowledged as an important part of maladaptive social information-processing that results in aggression in children. Literature suggests the largest effect size between aggressive behavior and hostile attributions is found when hostile attributions are measured using staged situations rather than commonly used vignette-based measures (Orobio de Castro et al., 2002), but few, if any, studies have investigated hostile attributions as they occur in real-time. The current study uses an interactive, video racing game along with a verbal and nonverbal response procedure to measure hostile attributions while children are playing against a presumed peer. A sample of 75 children between the ages of 10 and 13 played the game while their parents were asked to rate their child's reactive and proactive aggression. It was expected that the new real-time measure of hostile attributions would predict reactive aggression, but not proactive aggression. The predictive ability of the new measure was compared with that of the traditional, vignette-based measure of hostile attributions.Participants played a computer video game created for this study by racing their car against a presumed peer, though the opponent's car was actually computer-operated and preprogrammed to ambiguously provoke participants by crashing into their car. A visual prompt appeared on screen to elicit real-time attribution responses, either verbally or nonverbally, after each of eight crashes and at eight non-crash moments.iii Participants' hostile attributions using the nonverbal and verbal response procedures were significantly positively related to parent-rated reactive aggression, when controlling for proactive aggression. Multiple regression indicated that the real-time measure was a significant predictor of reactive aggression, while the vignette-based measure was not. The results of this study illustrate how hostile attributions in real-time occur quickly and simultaneously with social interaction, which differs from the deliberative, controlled appraisal process described in previous literature. These findings can be used to identify specific appraisal deficits in children at risk for aggressive behavior, which could enhance preventive interventions by more precisely targeting these cognitions and more effectively preventing aggression. iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS αCronbach's index of internal consistency; probability of a Type I error

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Actor-observer differences in perceptions of effective control.

Cited by 89 publications

References 20 publications

Motivation in Person Perception: Role of the Other's Perspective

Motivation in Person Perception: Role of the Other's Perspective

The Power of Sharing Negative Information in a Dyadic Context

Real‐time hostile attribution measurement and aggression in children

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