Activity and stability of non-precious metal catalysts for oxygen reduction in acid and alkaline electrolytes

Nitrogen-doped carbon xerogel: A novel carbon-based electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction in proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells

“…5b could be assigned to pyridinic-N, quaternary-N and pyridinic-N + -O À , respectively. 28,35,38,56 As shown in Fig. 5c, the C1s peak of N-CX sample becomes wider than that of CX sample.…”

“…[10][11][12][13][14] In order to decrease the cost of electrocatalysts and eliminate their dependence on noble metals, various non-noble metal catalysts have been explored recently as alternatives to the Pt-based electrocatalysts, which include chalcogenide catalysts, [15][16][17][18][19] transition metal macrocyclic compounds, [20][21][22] transition metallic oxides [23][24][25][26][27] and carbon-based catalysts. [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] In particular, carbon-based catalysts doped with the heteroatoms such as nitrogen (N) or boron (B) have been paid much attention and been proposed as typical non-noble metal catalysts for ORR [36][37][38] in alkaline media. Especially, since Gong et al 37 reported the superior activity and stability of nitrogen doped carbon nanotube in alkaline solution, the heteroatom doped carbon materials have been expected to be promising alternative Pt-based catalysts.…”

Highly efficient cathode catalyst layer based on nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes for the alkaline direct methanol fuel cell

“…Recently, nitrogen-modified carbon materials have been shown to have inherent oxygen reduction activity that can reach or even exceed the activity of Pt-catalysts, while being immune to CO and methanol poisoning, and catalyst nanoparticle agglomeration [10][11][12]. These catalysts show moderate activity towards oxygen reaction in acidic and neutral conditions, and excellent activity in alkaline conditions [13][14][15][16][17]. Generally, they have been synthesized with the help of metal catalysts (e.g Co or Fe), which had raised the concern that the ORR activity was attributable to the metal-nitrogen complexes as in the well-known case of metal-porphyrins [9].…”

“…Because of the higher ORR activity and stability of the N-modified carbon materials in alkaline conditions [13][14][15][16][17], they have recently been investigated as AAMFC cathodes.…”

Silicon nanograss as micro fuel cell gas diffusion layer

“…Since then a great variety of graphitic material has been N-doped with various techniques resulting in good ORR activity in alkaline solutions and mediocre activity in acidic solutions [140][141][142][143]. Examples of N-doped graphitic carbon active for ORR include graphene [144][145][146], CNTs [147][148][149], carbon nanofibers (CNF) [138,150], mesoporous carbon [141,151] and carbon spheres [152,153] among others.…”