Activities of Enzymes Involved in Glutamine Metabolism in Connection with Energy Production in the Gastrointestinal Tract Epithelium of Newborn, Suckling and Weaned Piglets

Madej, Malgorzata; Lundh, Torbjörn; Lindberg, Jan Erik

doi:10.1159/000014102

Cited by 13 publications

(18 citation statements)

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“…The intestinal maturation is dependent on a rapid surge of corticosteroids during the weaning time, mainly via IGF-1 expression in the small bowel [33,34], modulating the intestinal adaptation to fit a new diet regimen of solid food, at the same time when glutamine and arginine metabolism is critical to enterocytes [35,36] in the small intestine is the highest during early development [37][38][39]. Among extrahepatic tissues, the adrenal gland has one of the highest concentrations of the apoE mRNA and the highest rate of apoE synthesis [40].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Apolipoprotein E knockout mice have accentuated malnutrition with mucosal disruption and blunted insulin-like growth factor I responses to refeeding

et al. 2006

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Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is synthesized mainly in the liver and in the brain and is critical for cholesterol metabolism and recovery from brain injury. However, although apoE mRNA increases at birth, during suckling, and after fasting in rat liver, little is known about its role in early postnatal development. Using an established postnatal malnutrition model and apoE knock-out (ko) mice, we examined the role of apoE in intestinal adaptation responses to early postnatal malnutrition. Wild-type and apoE-ko mice were separated from their lactating dams for defined periods each day (4 hours on day 1, 8 hours on day 2, and 12 hours thereafter). We found significant growth deficits, as measured by weight gain or tail length, in the apoE-ko mice submitted to a malnutrition challenge, as compared with malnourished wild type, especially during the second week of postnatal development (P < .05). In addition, apoE-ko animals failed to show growth catch-up after refeeding, compared with wild-type malnourished controls. Furthermore, we found shorter crypts and reduced villus height and area in the apoE-ko malnourished mice, compared with controls, after refeeding. Insulinlike growth factor 1 expression was also blunted in the ileum in apoE-ko mice after refeeding, compared with wild-type controls, which exhibited full insulinlike growth factor 1 expression along the intestinal crypts, villi, and in the muscular layer. Taken together, these findings suggest the importance of apoE in coping with a malnutrition challenge and during the intestinal adaptation after refeeding. NIH Public Access

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Apolipoprotein E knockout mice have accentuated malnutrition with mucosal disruption and blunted insulin-like growth factor I responses to refeeding

et al. 2006

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“…Even though avirulent strains of E. coli are a common constituent of intestinal microflora, pathogenic strains of the same bacteria are the most frequent causes of PWD in piglets (Madej et al, 1999;Madec et al, 2000;Melin et al, 2004). The acquiring of virulence factors happens by the enrichment of some E. coli strains through special mobile genes and with the joint influence of bacteriophages or plasmids.…”

Section: Intestinal Microflora In Pigletsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This inhibition effect is caused by competition for nutrients and binding sites, bacteriocin production, lactobacilli fermentations and short chain fatty acid production (Teitelbaum and Walker, 2002;Roselli et al, 2005). Subsequently, immunological memory is created and intestinal immunity develops (Jin et al, 1997;Makala et al, 2000;Stokes et al, 2004).Even though avirulent strains of E. coli are a common constituent of intestinal microflora, pathogenic strains of the same bacteria are the most frequent causes of PWD in piglets (Madej et al, 1999;Madec et al, 2000;Melin et al, 2004). The acquiring of virulence factors happens by the enrichment of some E. coli strains through special mobile genes and with the joint influence of bacteriophages or plasmids.…”

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confidence: 99%

Alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters in prevention of diarrhoea in weaned piglets: a review

Vondruskova¹,

Slamova²,

Trčková³

et al. 2010

Vet. Med.

161

155

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ABSTRACT:The weaning time is a crucial period in the management of piglets. The risk of development of post-weaning diarrhoea (PWD) in piglets is high. PWD is the cause of serious economic losses in pig herds. Since 2006, the use of antibiotic growth promoters for prevention of diarrhoeal diseases in piglets has been banned. This measure also led to the investigation of alternative suitable feed supplements that would be reasonably efficient in protecting and sustaining animal health and performance. Various natural materials such as probiotics, prebiotics, organic acids, zinc and plant extracts have been tested as effective alternatives to antibiotics. Recently, owing to their high adsorption capacity, research efforts have been conducted on the application of natural clays and clay-based feed supplements. The purpose of this review is to summarize the effect of different alternative components as growth promoters on the health and performance of weaned and growing piglets.Keywords: infection; swine; antibiotics; intestinal microflora; performance; probiotics; prebiotics, organic acids; zinc; phytobiotics; aluminosilicate List of abbreviations CFU = colony-forming unit; ETEC = enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli; MMT = montmorillonite; PWD = post weaning diarrhoea; SCFA = short chain fatty acids; VFA = volatile fatty acids Review ArticleVeterinarni Medicina, 55, 2010 (5): 199-224 200 ruses (Moller et al., 1998;Song et al., 2006), transmissive gastroenteritis virus (Hampson et al., 1987; Alexa et al., 1995 Alexa et al., , 2001 Chae et al., 2000;Madec et al., 2000;Melin et al., 2004;Song et al., 2006;Thomsson et al., 2008) and others have been most frequently diagnosed.Early-weaned piglets are exposed to several stress factors, with nutrition, etiology and indoor environment of housing being particularly implicated (Madec et al., 2000;Laine et al., 2008). Noninfectious stress factors which are involved in the development of gastroenteric disorders are: -age of piglets when they are weaned from their dam (Svensmark et al., 1989;Skirrow et al., 1997), -sudden change of feed from sow milk that provides piglets with immunoglobulins (Bailey et al., 1992), -irregular feed intake (Bark et al., 1986;Spencer and Howell, 1989;Svensmark et al., 1989;Madec et al., 1998;Laine et al., 2008), -feed structure (Amezcua et al., 2002), -animal hygiene and housing conditions (Le Dividich, 1981;Le Dividich and Herpin, 1994;Madec et al., 1998), -inadequate feeder space per piglet in the pen (Amezcua et al., 2002). Numerous changes in the early-weaned piglet body can initiate PWD, such as morphological (Hampson, 1986) and functional alterations of the small intestine (Kidder and Manners, 1980; Hampson and Kidder, 1986), changes in intestinal colonization with predominance of E. coli (Melin et al., 1997;Katouli et al., 1999) and weakening of the immune system (Blecha et al., 1983;Wattrang et al., 1998). Ban of antibiotic growth promotersRegarding the fact that weaning greatly affects general health condition of piglets, it is nece...

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“…In addition, epithelial cells in the pig intestine have notably high energy demands due to the rapid renewal of the epithelium (within few days) (2, 36). Previous studies showed the activities of key metabolic enzymes in enterocytes changed during the suckling-weaning transition in pigs (20,21). However, the effect of early weaning on the metabolism of enterocytes along the crypt-villus axis has not yet been elucidated.…”

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confidence: 99%

Differential expression of proteins involved in energy production along the crypt-villus axis in early-weaning pig small intestine

Xiong

Yang

Tan

et al. 2015

American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physi

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Weaning of piglets reflects intestinal dysfunction and atrophy and affected the physiological state of enterocytes. However, few studies have defined physiological state of enterocytes along the crypt-villus axis in early-weaning piglets. A total of 16 piglets from 8 litters were used in the experiment. One group of piglets was nursed by sows until age 21 days, and another group was weaned at age 14 days and then fed creep feed instead of breast milk for 7 days. Piglets were killed at 21 days, and the jejunum segments were dissected. After sequential isolation of jejunum epithelial cells along the crypt-villus axis, their proteins were analyzed through the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification, and proteins involved in the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway and proliferating cell nuclear antigen abundances in jejunal epithelial cells of weaning or suckling group were determined by Western blotting. The differential proteins in three cell fractions were identified and analyzed. The results showed that proteins involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, ␤-oxidation, and the glycolysis pathway were significantly downregulated in the upper and middle villus of the early-weaned group. However, proteins involved in glycolysis were significantly upregulated in crypt cells. In addition, Western blot analysis showed that the expression of mammalian target of rapamycin pathway-related proteins was decreased (P ＜ 0.05) in the earlyweaned group. The present results showed that early-weaning differentially affect the expression of proteins involved in energy production of enterocytes along the jejunal crypt-villus axis.weaning; enterocyte; crypt-villus axis; piglet EARLY WEANING (14-to 21-day weaning age) of piglets is stressful and is characterized by poor growth, decreased feed intake, and diarrhea, because they are abruptly forced to combined stressors, including maternal and littermate separations, changes in diet, and establishment of a new social hierarchy (30, 31). Early weaning stress results in increased intestinal dysfunction and atrophy, impaired mucosal barrier function, and an imbalance of intestinal microbiota (13, 30). Inadequate food intake immediately after weaning and insufficient energy intake may contribute to the changes in intestinal morphology (25,35).The intestinal epithelium is characterized by rapidly proliferating cells organized into structures called crypts, which invaginate into the underlying mesenchyme, and villi, which project into the lumen (6). Furthermore, epithelial cells undergo functional and morphological differentiation during migration along the crypt-villus axis from the crypt to the tip of the villus (22, 43). Intestinal epithelial cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis play important roles in intestinal development, maintenance, and recovery from tissue damage (44). In addition, epithelial cells in the pig intestine have notably high energy demands due to the rapid renewal of the epithelium (within few days) (2, 36). Previous studies showed...

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Activities of Enzymes Involved in Glutamine Metabolism in Connection with Energy Production in the Gastrointestinal Tract Epithelium of Newborn, Suckling and Weaned Piglets

Cited by 13 publications

References 21 publications

Apolipoprotein E knockout mice have accentuated malnutrition with mucosal disruption and blunted insulin-like growth factor I responses to refeeding

Apolipoprotein E knockout mice have accentuated malnutrition with mucosal disruption and blunted insulin-like growth factor I responses to refeeding

Alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters in prevention of diarrhoea in weaned piglets: a review

Differential expression of proteins involved in energy production along the crypt-villus axis in early-weaning pig small intestine

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