Abstract:This paper explores the development of active sound transmission control systems for windows that can achieve a significant reduction in window noise transmission. Two major challenges need to be addressed in order to make the development of such noise blocking windows feasible. These are the need for a distributed actuation system that is optically transparent and the unavailability of a real-time reference signal that can be used by the active control system to provide advance information on the noise affect… Show more
“…The fabrication process for the MR-compatible electrode prototypes is outlined in figure 1. A substrate polyimide film (PI, 3 mil; Kapton, HN) was prepared for deposition of nano-material film using layer-bylayer (LBL) nano-assembly methods similar to those performed by our group previously [15]. The film was soaked in 6 M NaOH for 20 min at 60 °C, followed by 15 min soaking in a polyelectrolyte bath of poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA), then poly(sodium 4-styrene-sulfonate) (PSS), and again PDDA, each with 0.5 M NaCl.…”
Objective
Previous animal studies have demonstrated that carbon nanotube (CNT) electrodes provide several advantages of preferential cell growth and better signal-to-noise ratio when interfacing with brain neural tissue. This work explores another advantage of CNT electrodes, namely their MRI compatibility. MRI-compatible neural electrodes that do not produce image artifacts will allow simultaneous co-located functional MRI and neural signal recordings, which will help improve our understanding of the brain.
Approach
Prototype CNT electrodes on polyimide substrates are fabricated and tested in vitro and in vivo in rat brain at 9.4T. To understand the results of the in vitro and in vivo studies, a simulation model based on numerical computation of the magnetic field around a two-dimensional object in a tissue substrate is developed.
Main Results
The prototype electrodes are found to introduce negligible image artifacts in structural and functional imaging sequences in vitro and in vivo. Simulation results confirm that CNT prototype electrodes produce less magnetic field distortion than traditional metallic electrodes due to a combination of both superior material properties and geometry. By using CNT films, image artifacts can be nearly eliminated at magnetic fields of strength up to 9.4T. At the same time, the high surface area of a CNT film provides high charge transfer and enables neural local field potential (LFP) recordings with an equal or better signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) than traditional electrodes.
Significance
CNT film electrodes can be used for simultaneous MRI and electrophysiology in animal models to investigate fundamental neuroscience questions and clinically relevant topics such as epilepsy.
“…The fabrication process for the MR-compatible electrode prototypes is outlined in figure 1. A substrate polyimide film (PI, 3 mil; Kapton, HN) was prepared for deposition of nano-material film using layer-bylayer (LBL) nano-assembly methods similar to those performed by our group previously [15]. The film was soaked in 6 M NaOH for 20 min at 60 °C, followed by 15 min soaking in a polyelectrolyte bath of poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA), then poly(sodium 4-styrene-sulfonate) (PSS), and again PDDA, each with 0.5 M NaCl.…”
Objective
Previous animal studies have demonstrated that carbon nanotube (CNT) electrodes provide several advantages of preferential cell growth and better signal-to-noise ratio when interfacing with brain neural tissue. This work explores another advantage of CNT electrodes, namely their MRI compatibility. MRI-compatible neural electrodes that do not produce image artifacts will allow simultaneous co-located functional MRI and neural signal recordings, which will help improve our understanding of the brain.
Approach
Prototype CNT electrodes on polyimide substrates are fabricated and tested in vitro and in vivo in rat brain at 9.4T. To understand the results of the in vitro and in vivo studies, a simulation model based on numerical computation of the magnetic field around a two-dimensional object in a tissue substrate is developed.
Main Results
The prototype electrodes are found to introduce negligible image artifacts in structural and functional imaging sequences in vitro and in vivo. Simulation results confirm that CNT prototype electrodes produce less magnetic field distortion than traditional metallic electrodes due to a combination of both superior material properties and geometry. By using CNT films, image artifacts can be nearly eliminated at magnetic fields of strength up to 9.4T. At the same time, the high surface area of a CNT film provides high charge transfer and enables neural local field potential (LFP) recordings with an equal or better signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) than traditional electrodes.
Significance
CNT film electrodes can be used for simultaneous MRI and electrophysiology in animal models to investigate fundamental neuroscience questions and clinically relevant topics such as epilepsy.
“…Figure S2 shows a schematic of a building window in which a transparent actuator is used in the window to cancel acoustic disturbances that travel into the room through the window pane. Noise from aircraft is a significant environmental disturbance for buildings close to airports and highways [52]. The use of a transparent acoustic actuator in the window pane can be used to control the noise transmission through the window and make the room quieter [51], [52].…”
“…Recently, Qiu presented an updated but brief overview of past and ongoing projects from around the world that have implemented ANC on apertures [Qiu, 2017]. Since there are relatively few active control implementations that are not based on duct acoustics for sealed windows Möser, 2003a, 2003b;Yu et al, 2007], the focus of this section will be on active control…”
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