Activation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) phagocytes by muramyl dipeptide

In vitro Enhancement by CpG ODN of Phagocytic Activity of Rainbow Trout Head Kidney Phagocytes against Fish Pathogen Vibrio ordalii, but not against Polystyrene Particles

“…After activation of head kidney phagocytes by CpG ODN, therefore, phagocytes enhanced for the expression of TLR9 can phagocytoze bacteria such as V. ordalii efficiently, but not phagocytes examined for polystyrene particles. Expression of different types of cell surface receptors, such as complement receptors, are expected to be necessary for effective phagocytosis against opsonized plystyrene particles, as we reported previously [5,6]. We did not show phagocytic responses of phagocytes against inactivated V. ordalii in the present study since the phagocytic activity was feeble (less than 1%) and the precise mechanism of phagocytosis is not clear at present.…”

The stimulatory effect of a muscle protein hydrolysate from Atlantic cod,Gadus morhuaL., on Atlantic salmon,Salmo salarL., head kidney leucocytes

“…They include a very heterogeneous group of substances (Anderson, 1992;Secombes, 1994) like peptidoglycan, muramyl dipeptide (MDP, Kodama et al, 1993), -1,3-D-glucans (Robertsen et al, 1990), lipopolysaccharide (LPS, Salati et al, 1987) and small molecular weight peptides (Kitao & Yoshida, 1986). The ability of macrophages to kill microbes is probably one of the most important mechanisms of protection against *Please address all correspondence to: Jarl Bøgwald, Norwegian Institute of Fisheries and Aquaculture, P.O.…”

Effects of Levamisole on Phagocytic Activity of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss W.)

“…Several promising adjuvants, natural and synthetic drugs and biological modifiers have been tested in fish in vivo and in vitro. The substances, such as chitosan, β-glucan, muramyl dipeptide, trace mineral and vitamin combinations as well as various products derived from plants and animals, are effective in stimulating or modulating non-specific defence mechanism, and offer protection against viral and bacterial diseases in fish (Siwicki et al 1994;Siwicki et al 2001;Kodama et al 1993;Mulero et al 1998a;Cuesta et al 2002a).…”