Activation of Olfactory Cortex in Newborn Infants After Odor Stimulation: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study

Bartocci, Marco; Winberg, Jan; Ruggiero, Carmelina; Bergqvist, Lena; Serra, Giovanni; Lagercrantz, Hugo

doi:10.1203/00006450-200007000-00006

Cited by 186 publications

(135 citation statements)

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“…This pattern of hemodynamic activity is consistent with other research on the relationship between neural activity and cerebral hemodynamics (Bartocci et al, 2000;Hoshi and Tamura, 1993;Jasdzewski et al, 2003;Obrig et al, 1996;Strangman et al, 2003). As was noted, however, researchers occasionally observe an increase, rather than a decrease, in HbR (e.g., Strangman et al, 2003).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

“…Changes in blood flow lead to an increase in blood volume and can be assessed by measuring local concentrations of oxyhemoglobin (oxygenated blood) and deoxyhemoglobin (deoxygenated blood). Typically, during cortical activation local concentrations of oxyhemoglobin (HbO 2 ) increase, whereas concentrations of deoxyhemoglobin (HbR) decrease (Bartocci et al, 2000;Hoshi and Tamura, 1993;Jasdzewski et al, 2003;Obrig et al, 1996;Strangman et al, 2003). From the summated changes in HbR and HbO 2 , total hemoglobin (HbT) can be computed and is found to increase following brain activation.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Assessing infants' cortical response to speech using near-infrared spectroscopy

2007

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Sensitivity to spoken language is an integral part of infants' formative development, yet relatively little is known about the neural mechanisms that underlie the emerging ability to perceive and process speech. This is in large part because there are a limited number of non-invasive techniques available to measure brain functioning in human infants. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), an optical imaging technique that estimates changes in neuronal activity by measuring changes in total hemoglobin concentration and oxygenation, may be a viable procedure for assessing the relation between speech processing and brain function in human infants. While auditory processing data have been gathered from newborn and preterm infants using NIRS, such data have not been collected from older infants. Many behavioral measures used to establish linguistic sensitivity in this population are accompanied by visual stimuli; however, it is unclear how coupling of auditory and visual stimuli influences neural processing. Here we studied cortical activity in infants aged 6-9 months, as measured by NIRS, during exposure to linguistic stimuli paired with visual stimuli and compared this to the activity observed in the same regions during exposure to visual stimuli alone. Results dissociate infants' hemodynamic responses to multimodal and unimodal stimuli, demonstrating the utility of NIRS for studying perceptual development in infants. In particular, these findings support the utility of NIRS for studying the neurobiology of language development in older infants, a task that is difficult to accomplish without the use of attention-getting visual stimuli.Infants' ability to perceive speech begins in the womb, and progresses dramatically during the first year of life (DeCasper and Fifer, 1980;Werker and Tees, 1984). Research indicates that during the last trimester in-utero (Mehler et al., 1988), and in the first twelve months of life post-natally (Jusczyk, 1997), infants become aware of and adjust to regularities in their native language. By using various cues found in adult speech, infants gradually come to understand and use their native language. For example, between 6 and 9 months of age, infants become sensitive to patterns within their native language, such as prosodic cues (Cutler, 1990;Morgan, 1996), phonotactic cues (Hohne and Jusczyk, 1994;Jusczyk et al., 1994), and allophonic variation (Hohne and Jusczyk, 1994). Investigating and understanding the mechanisms of the trajectory of such advances is a difficult task, and researchers have advanced the study of infant speech perception largely based on clever behavioral paradigms (e.g., Eimas et al., 1971;Trehub, 1973;Jusczyk et al., 1993;Saffran et al., 1996).The behavioral methods used to understand language development across infants' first year are typically chosen based on the specific age group being studied and the particular question being asked. For example, with infants four months of age and younger, a useful method employs a pacifier to record changes in infant su...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

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Assessing infants' cortical response to speech using near-infrared spectroscopy

2007

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“…High levels of noradrenalin activate the lungs and, more importantly, ensure early bonding with the mother (Ross & Young 2009). The mother's smell (Porter 1998), contact and warmth 'fire' a pathway from the baby's amygdala to its frontal lobe (Bartocci et al 2000), which connects the newborn's emotional and social brain circuits (Nelson & Panksepp 1998). Whilst genes have made this possible (Lagercrantz 1996), the experience of a mother's constant and uninterrupted physical presence make it happen (Hofer 1994).…”

Section: Trendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The neuroscience of birth – and the case for Zero Separation

Bergman

2014

curationis

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Currently, Western maternal and neonatal care are to a large extent based on routine separation of mother and infant. It is argued that there is no scientific rationale for this practice and a body of new knowledge now exists that makes a case for Zero Separation of mother and newborn. For the infant, the promotion of Zero Separation is based on the need for maternal sensory inputs that regulate the physiology of the newborn. There are harmful effects of dysregulation and subsequent epigenetic changes caused by separation. Skin-to-skin contact is the antithesis to such separation; the mother’s body is the biologically ‘normal’ place of care, supporting better outcomes both for normal healthy babies and for the smallest preterm infants. In the mother, there are needed neural processes that ensure enhanced reproductive fitness, including behavioural changes (e.g. bonding and protection) and improved lactation, which are supported by the practice of Zero Separation. Zero Separation of mother and newborn should thus be maintained at all costs within health services.

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“…Most studies using NIRS to assess cortical function have been carried out on adult subjects. In infants, NIRS has been used to assess the activities of the visual cortex induced by a checkerboard or flashlight simulation [Meek et al, 1998;Hoshi et al, 2000], activation of the frontal cortex by music stimulation [Sakatani et al, 1999], activation of the temporal cortex by acoustic stimulation [Zaramella et al, 2001] and activation of the olfactory cortex by odor stimulation [Bartocci et al, 2000].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Noninvasive optical imaging in the visual cortex in young infants

Kusaka

Kawada

Okubo

et al. 2004

Human Brain Mapping

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During the developmental stage, the brain undergoes anatomic, functional, and metabolic changes necessary to support the complex adaptive behavior of a mature individual. Estimation of developmental changes occurring in different regions of the brain would provide a means of relating various behavioral phenomena to maturation-specific brain structures, thereby providing useful information on structure-function relationships in both normal and disease states. We used multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy (MNIRS), a new noninvasive imaging technique for revealing the course of neural activity in selected brain regions, to monitor the activities of the visual cortex as mirrored by hemodynamic responses in infants subjected to photostimulation during natural sleep. In the infants, oxyhemoglobin and total hemoglobin decreased and deoxyhemoglobin increased in the visual cortex with photostimulation. This pattern of responses was different from the response pattern in adults reported previously. The different patterns of responses to photostimulation in the visual cortices of infants and adults might reflect developmental and behavioral differences. It may reflect a different functional organization of the visual cortex in infants or ongoing retinal development. Our results demonstrated that regional hemodynamic change could be detected in a small area around the visual cortex. MNIRS offers considerable potential for research and noninvasive clinical applications. Hum. Brain Mapp. 22:122-132, 2004.

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Activation of Olfactory Cortex in Newborn Infants After Odor Stimulation: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study

Cited by 186 publications

References 24 publications

Assessing infants' cortical response to speech using near-infrared spectroscopy

Assessing infants' cortical response to speech using near-infrared spectroscopy

The neuroscience of birth – and the case for Zero Separation

Noninvasive optical imaging in the visual cortex in young infants

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