Activation of matrix metalloproteinases and FoxO3a in HaCaT keratinocytes by radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure

Abstract

As the skin is the largest body organ and critically serves as a barrier, it is frequently exposed and could be physiologically affected by radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure. In this study, we found that 1760 MHz RF-EMF (4.0 W/kg specific absorption rate for 2 h/day during 4 days) exposure could induce intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in HaCaT human keratinocytes using 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate fluorescent probe analysis. However, cell growth and viability were unaffected by RF-EMF exposure. Since oxidative stress in the skin greatly influences the skin-aging process, we analyzed the skin senescence-related factors activated by ROS generation. Matrix metalloproteinases 1, 3, and 7 (MMP1, MMP3, and MMP7), the main skin wrinkle-related proteins, were significantly increased in HaCaT cells after RF-EMF exposure. Additionally, the gelatinolytic activities of secreted MMP2 and MMP9 were also increased by RF-EMF exposure. FoxO3a (Ser318/321) and ERK1/2 (Thr 202/Tyr 204) phosphorylation levels were significantly increased by RF-EMF exposure. However, Bcl2 and Bax expression levels were not significantly changed, indicating that the apoptotic pathway was not activated in keratinocytes following RF-EMF exposure. In summary, our findings show that exposure to 1760 MHz RF-EMF induces ROS generation, leading to MMP activation and FoxO3a and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. These data suggest that RF-EMF exposure induces cellular senescence of skin cells through ROS induction in HaCaT human keratinocytes.

Hesperidin Exhibits Protective Effects against PM2.5-Mediated Mitochondrial Damage, Cell Cycle Arrest, and Cellular Senescence in Human HaCaT Keratinocytes

“…As depicted in Figure 3 B, the PM 2.5 -treated group exhibited higher senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-βGal) activity (increased green fluorescence) levels whereas the hesperidin-treated group exhibited reduced SA-βGal activity levels. Additionally, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) production accelerates cellular senescence [ 29 ]; therefore, we evaluated the expression levels of MMP-1, -2, and -9 using western blotting. MMP-1, -2, and -9 protein levels were significantly enhanced by PM 2.5 , and this effect was reversed by hesperidin ( Figure 3 C).…”

The photoprotective properties of α-tocopherol phosphate against long-wave UVA1 (385 nm) radiation in keratinocytes in vitro

“…It can be problematic to study oxidative stress in complex systems due the tissue isolation or growth processes inducing oxidative stress. The use of HaCaTs has been established as valid in photobiological research [41][42][43][44] , and the aim of this study was to determine the relative antioxidant effects of the test compounds at the cellular level given our previous work had demonstrated that α-TP reaches the epidermis after topical administration. Also, we have found in our previous studies a good correlation between the HaCaT model and human in vivo studies 45 .…”

Cosmeceutical Potential of Major Tropical and Subtropical Fruit By-Products for a Sustainable Revalorization

“…Oxidative stress in the skin greatly influences this skin-aging process. It is a crucial issue in biology and is caused by time-dependent internal and extrinsic factors, such as ultraviolet (UV) light [ 106 ]. This process can be defined as a natural phenomenon, resulting from the disruption of the redox equilibrium, with pro-oxidants overcoming antioxidants, which can eventually result in cell or tissue damage [ 107 ].…”