Activation of cellular functions in macrophages by venom secretory Asp-49 and Lys-49 phospholipases A2

Low-level laser therapy decreases local effects induced by myotoxins isolated from Bothrops jararacussu snake venom

“…Both BthTX-I and BthTX-II induced a prominent edema in gastrocnemius muscle, which corroborates previous observations of the edema-forming activity of venom PLA 2 (33,35). Our results demonstrated that the catalytically active BthTX-II (Asp 49 PLA 2 ) is more potent in promoting edema formation than BthTX-I (Lys 49 PLA 2 ) (p < 0.05 BthTX-II versus BthTX-I, Figure 1).…”

“…Venom PLA 2 s are proven to induce inflammatory responses, such as edema formation and inflammatory cell infiltrates (13,(31)(32)(33). Two myotoxic PLA 2 s were isolated from Bothrops jararacussu snake venom and characterized as bothropstoxin I (BthTX-I) and bothropstoxin II (BthTX-II) (11,12).…”

Lemnitoxin, the major component of Micrurus lemniscatus coral snake venom, is a myotoxic and pro-inflammatory phospholipase A2

“…(Oliveira et al, 2008) and induced cytotoxicity in a primary cell culture of rat hippocampal neurons (de Carvalho et al, 2014). Many venom PLA2s have been shown to induce inflammation characterized by increase of vascular permeability (Zuliani et al, 2005a, Corasolla Carregari et al, 2013, edema formation (Ferreira et al, 2013, Kumar et al, 2015, and recruitment and activation of leukocytes (Zuliani et al, 2005b, Moreira et al, 2011.…”

“…The release of histamine from mast cells has been proposed to be a mechanism of snake venom PLA2-induced local inflammation (Cirino et al, 1989;Teng, 1990, Landucci et al, 1998). Some group II snake venom PLA2 are able to recruit and activate leukocytes (Zuliani et al, 2005b, Moreira et al, 2011, Setúbal et al, 2013, Furtado et al, 2014, but there are only few reports on the action of group I snake venom PLA2. Naja m. mocambique PLA2 induced dose-and time-dependent cellular infiltration into the rat pleural cavity (Weichman et al, 1989).…”

Caracterização funcional e estrutural de uma nova fosfolipase A2 ácida de Bothrops moojeni

“…Além da miotoxicidade, a MT-III purificada provoca inflamação local dependente da produção de mediadores lipídicos derivados do ácido araquidônico (AA) (LOMONTE et al, 1993;CHAVES et al, 1998;CHACUR et al, 2003). Recentemente, foi demonstrado que a MT-III ativa as funções dos macrófagos em cultura (ZULIANI et al 2005b), induz influxo de leucócitos e produção de citocinas inflamatórias, bem como mediadores lipídicos derivados do AA, no peritônio de camundongos (ZULIANI et al, 2005a).…”