Activated Nrf2 Interacts with Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Latency Protein LANA-1 and Host Protein KAP1 To Mediate Global Lytic Gene Repression

Gjyshi, Olsi; Roy, Arunava; Dutta, Sandeep; Veettil, Mohanan Valiya; Dutta, Dipanjan; Chandran, Bala

doi:10.1128/jvi.00895-15

Cited by 43 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 65 publications

(93 reference statements)

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“…This indicates that other cellular or viral factors may play a role in conferring specificity toward specific KSHV promoter classes. Recently, we have shown a similar instance where viral and cellular transcription factors cooperate to mediate viral transcription regulation (83,84).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nuclear Innate Immune DNA Sensor IFI16 Is Degraded during Lytic Reactivation of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (KSHV): Role of IFI16 in Maintenance of KSHV Latency

Roy

Dutta

Iqbal

et al. 2016

J Virol

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IMPORTANCELike all herpesviruses, latency is an integral part of the life cycle of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), an etiological agent for many human cancers. Herpesviruses utilize viral and host factors to successfully evade the host immune system to maintain latency. Reactivation is a complex event where the latent episomal viral genome springs back to active transcription of lytic cycle genes. Our studies reveal that KSHV has evolved to utilize the innate immune sensor IFI16 to keep lytic cycle transcription in dormancy. We demonstrate that IFI16 binds to the lytic gene promoter, acts as a transcriptional repressor, and thereby helps to maintain latency. We also discovered that during the late stage of lytic replication, KSHV selectively degrades IFI16, thus relieving transcriptional repression. This is the first report to demonstrate the role of IFI16 in latency maintenance of a herpesvirus, and further understanding will lead to the development of strategies to eliminate latent infection. The human gammaherpesvirus Kaposi's sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also referred to as human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), is an oncogenic virus etiologically associated with KS, primary effusion B-cell lymphoma (PEL) or body cavity B-cell lymphoma (BCBL), and plasmablastic multicentric Castleman's disease (pMCD) (1-3). In vivo, KSHV DNA and transcripts have been identified in human B cells, endothelial cells, epithelial cells, macrophages, and keratinocytes (3, 4). Similar to other herpesviruses, KSHV undergoes two distinguishable phases in its life cycle: latent and lytic infection (3, 4). During primary infection, KSHV initially establishes latent infection in specific target cells, during which multiple copies of the viral genome are stably maintained as extrachromosomal episomes (3,5). Only a few viral genes, primarily localized in the major latency locus of the genome, are expressed during this phase. These gene products bestow numerous essential functionalities to the dormant viral genome, such as evading host immune surveillance (6), promoting cellular proliferation (7-9), maintaining the viral episome (10), and tightly suppressing viral lytic gene expression (11). However, both spontaneous reactivation and induced reactivation of the latent genome occur, resulting in the systematic expression of the full repertoire of viral genes, which leads to viral genome replication and virion production (4). Previous studies suggested that lytic reactivation

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nuclear Innate Immune DNA Sensor IFI16 Is Degraded during Lytic Reactivation of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (KSHV): Role of IFI16 in Maintenance of KSHV Latency

Roy

Dutta

Iqbal

et al. 2016

J Virol

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“…KSHV LANA and cellular Nrf2 have been found to repress ORF50 by recruiting KAP1 during the early stage of KSHV primary infection and in latently infected KSHV ϩ cell lines, respec- tively (33,35). Also, phosphorylation of KAP1 at S824 has been linked to derepression of lytic genes in CMV-and KSHV-infected cells (32,34).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

STAT3 Regulates Lytic Activation of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus

King

Barbachano-Guerrero

et al. 2015

J Virol

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Lytic activation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) from latency is a critical contributor to pathogenesis and progression of KSHV-mediated disease. Development of targeted treatment strategies and improvement of lytic-phase-directed oncolytic therapies, therefore, hinge on gaining a better understanding of latency-to-lytic-phase transition. A key observation in that regard, also common to other herpesviruses, is the partial permissiveness of latently infected cells to lytic-cycle-inducing agents. Here, we address the molecular basis of why only some KSHV-infected cells respond to lytic stimuli. Since cellular signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is constitutively active in KSHV-associated cancers, KSHV activates STAT3, and STAT3 has been found to regulate lytic activation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected cells, we asked if STAT3 contributes similarly to the life cycle of KSHV. We found that high levels of STAT3 correlate with the refractory state at the single-cell level under conditions of both spontaneous and induced lytic activation; importantly, STAT3 also regulates lytic susceptibility. Further, knockdown of STAT3 suppresses the cellular transcriptional corepressor Krüppel-associated box domain-associated protein 1 (KAP1; also known as TRIM28), and suppression of KAP1 activates lytic genes, including the viral lytic switch RTA, thereby linking STAT3 via KAP1 to regulation of the balance between lytic and latent cells. These findings, taken together with those from EBV-infected and, more recently, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1)-infected cells, cement the contribution of host STAT3 to persistence of herpesviruses and simultaneously reveal an important lead to devise strategies to improve lytic-phasedirected therapies for herpesviruses. IMPORTANCELytic activation of the cancer-causing Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is vital to its life cycle and causation of disease. Like other herpesviruses, however, a substantial fraction of latently infected cells are resistant to lytic-phase-inducing stimuli. Investigating the molecular basis for this refractory state is essential for understanding how the virus persists and how it causes disease and to guide efforts to improve treatment of KSHV-mediated diseases. We found that, like two other herpesviruses, EBV and HSV-1, KSHV exploits the cellular transcription factor STAT3 to regulate the susceptibility of latently infected cells to lytic triggers. These findings highlight a common STAT3-centered strategy used by herpesviruses to maintain persistence in their hosts while also revealing a key molecule to pursue while devising methods to improve herpesvirus lytic-phase-directed therapies.T he oncogenic human gammaherpesvirus human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), widely known as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), is the etiologic agent of three human malignancies: Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD) (1, 2). Like other herpesviruses, KSHV exhi...

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“…Studies demonstrate that the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a transcription factor, functions as an important host factor involved in the establishment of de novo KSHV infection. Studies also show that ROS is essential for Nrf2 activation during early stages of KSHV infection of HMVEC-d cells and Nrf2 plays a crucial role in the viral gene expression [103,112]. Nrf2 knockdown or inhibition with the chemical Brusatol blocks viral gene expression [112].…”

Section: Early During Infection Kshv Induces the Signal Pathways mentioning

confidence: 99%

KSHV Entry and Trafficking in Target Cells—Hijacking of Cell Signal Pathways, Actin and Membrane Dynamics

Kumar

Chandran

2016

Viruses

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Kaposi’s sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is etiologically associated with human endothelial cell hyperplastic Kaposi’s sarcoma and B-cell primary effusion lymphoma. KSHV infection of adherent endothelial and fibroblast cells are used as in vitro models for infection and KSHV enters these cells by host membrane bleb and actin mediated macropinocytosis or clathrin endocytosis pathways, respectively. Infection in endothelial and fibroblast cells is initiated by the interactions between multiple viral envelope glycoproteins and cell surface associated heparan sulfate (HS), integrins (α3β1, αVβ3 and αVβ5), and EphA2 receptor tyrosine kinase (EphA2R). This review summarizes the accumulated studies demonstrating that KSHV manipulates the host signal pathways to enter and traffic in the cytoplasm of the target cells, to deliver the viral genome into the nucleus, and initiate viral gene expression. KSHV interactions with the cell surface receptors is the key platform for the manipulations of host signal pathways which results in the simultaneous induction of FAK, Src, PI3-K, Rho-GTPase, ROS, Dia-2, PKC ζ, c-Cbl, CIB1, Crk, p130Cas and GEF-C3G signal and adaptor molecules that play critical roles in the modulation of membrane and actin dynamics, and in the various steps of the early stages of infection such as entry and trafficking towards the nucleus. The Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport (ESCRT) proteins are also recruited to assist in viral entry and trafficking. In addition, KSHV interactions with the cell surface receptors also induces the host transcription factors NF-κB, ERK1/2, and Nrf2 early during infection to initiate and modulate viral and host gene expression. Nuclear delivery of the viral dsDNA genome is immediately followed by the host innate responses such as the DNA damage response (DDR), inflammasome and interferon responses. Overall, these studies form the initial framework for further studies of simultaneous targeting of KSHV glycoproteins, host receptor, signal molecules and trafficking machinery that would lead into novel therapeutic methods to prevent KSHV infection of target cells and consequently the associated malignancies.

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Activated Nrf2 Interacts with Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Latency Protein LANA-1 and Host Protein KAP1 To Mediate Global Lytic Gene Repression

Cited by 43 publications

References 65 publications

Nuclear Innate Immune DNA Sensor IFI16 Is Degraded during Lytic Reactivation of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (KSHV): Role of IFI16 in Maintenance of KSHV Latency

Nuclear Innate Immune DNA Sensor IFI16 Is Degraded during Lytic Reactivation of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (KSHV): Role of IFI16 in Maintenance of KSHV Latency

STAT3 Regulates Lytic Activation of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus

KSHV Entry and Trafficking in Target Cells—Hijacking of Cell Signal Pathways, Actin and Membrane Dynamics

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