Activated carbon from biomass waste precursors: Factors affecting production and adsorption mechanism

Gayathiri, Muniandy; Pulingam, Thiruchelvi; Lee, K T; Sudesh, Kumar

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133764

Cited by 166 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 137 publications

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“…Persoalan diatas menarik perhatian para peneliti untuk mengembangkan metode penghilangan atau degradasi urea untuk meminimalkan risiko lingkungan dan kesehatan. Karbon aktif diperoleh melalui proses karbonisasi, aktivasi dan modifikasi [15]. Banyak metode yang telah dikembangkan baik menggunakan cara-cara konvensional, yakni proses termal, proses kimia dan berkembang menggunakan proses biologis [16].…”

Section: Pendahuluanunclassified

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Activation of Carbon Using Microwave-Assisted Hydrochloric Acid for Urea Adsorbtion

Pamungkas

Kharimah

Puspawiningtiyas

2022

RICE

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The activation of activated carbon using microwave-assisted hydrochloric acid (HCl) has been carried out. This objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the concentration of HCl (1M to 6 M) and time of microwave irradiation (5 to 25 mins) on the iodine number and urea adsorption. The results showed that the concentration of HCl had a significant effect on the quality of the activated carbon. Activation of carbon using 6 mol/L of HCl resulted the iodine adsorption capacity of 1002 mg/g and urea adsorption of 99 mg/g. Microwave irradition time also has a significant effect on the quality of activated carbon. The best microwave irradiation time showed at 25 minutes that resulted in iodine adsorption capacity of 1112 mg/g and urea adsorption capacity of 97 mg/g.

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Section: Pendahuluanunclassified

“…Aktivasi dan modifikasi karbon dengan asam telah dilakukan banyak peneliti [25][26][27] [28]. Beberapa asam yang banyak digunakan adalah HNO3, H3PO4, H2SO4, CH3COOH [29][30][31] [15]. Beberapa penelitian aktivasi menggunakan asam klorida telah dilakukan [32] [31].…”

Section: Pendahuluanunclassified

Activation of Carbon Using Microwave-Assisted Hydrochloric Acid for Urea Adsorbtion

Pamungkas

Kharimah

Puspawiningtiyas

2022

RICE

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“…Commercial ACs are usually made from pricey and non-renewable resources (e.g., coal, petroleum coke, and peat) [ 3 ]. However, the associated financial and environmental problems with AC obtained from the foregoing substances, extensive studies were conducted to seek inexpensive feedstock, i.e., biomass wastes to make AC [ 4 , 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Surface-Area-Activated Carbon Derived from Mango Peels and Seeds Wastes via Microwave-Induced ZnCl2 Activation for Adsorption of Methylene Blue Dye Molecules: Statistical Optimization and Mechanism

et al. 2022

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In this study, Mango (Mangifera indica) seeds (MS) and peels (MP) seeds mixed fruit wastes were employed as a renewable precursor to synthesize high-surface-area-activated carbon (MSMPAC) by using microwave-induced ZnCl2 activation. Thus, the applicability of MSMPAC was evaluated towards the removal of cationic dye (methylene blue, MB) from an aqueous environment. The key adsorption factors, namely A: MSMPAC dose (0.02–0.1 g), B: pH (4–10), and C: time (5–15 min), were inspected using the desirability function of the Box-Behnken design (BBD). Thus, the adsorption isotherm data were found to correspond well with the Langmuir model with a maximum adsorption capacity of (232.8 mg/g). Moreover, the adsorption kinetics were consistent with both pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models. The spontaneous and endothermic nature of MB adsorption on the MSMPAC surface could be inferred from the negative ∆G° values and positive value of ∆H°, respectively. Various mechanisms namely electrostatic forces, pore filling, π-π stacking, and H-bonding govern MB adsorption by the MSMPAC. This study demonstrates the utility of MS and MP as renewable precursors to produce high-surface area MSMPAC with a potential application towards the removal of cationic organic dyes such as MB.

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“…The type of activating agent notably affects the textural characteristics of the solid obtained. Optimal operating conditions vary significantly depending on the reactive agent used 33 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mathematical analysis of the effect of process conditions on the porous structure development of activated carbons derived from Pine cones

Kwiatkowski

Gómez-Delgado

Nunell

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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This paper presents the results of a study on the influence of the degree of impregnation and activation temperature on the formation of the porous structure of activated carbons (ACs) obtained from Pine cones by the chemical activation process using potassium hydroxide as an activator. The advanced new numerical clustering based adsorption analysis (LBET) method, together with the implemented unique numerical procedure for the fast multivariant identification were applied to nitrogen and carbon dioxide adsorption isotherms determined for porous structure characterization of the ACs. Moreover, the Quenched Solid Density Functional Theory (QSDFT) method was chosen to determine pore size distributions. The results showed a significant influence of the primary structure of Pine cones on the formation of the porous structure of the developed ACs. Among others, it was evidenced by a very high degree of surface heterogeneity of all the obtained ACs, irrespective of the degree of impregnation with potassium hydroxide and the activation temperature. Moreover, the analysis of carbon dioxide adsorption isotherms showed, that the porous structure of the studied ACs samples contains micropores accessible only to carbon dioxide molecules. The results also showed a significant advantage of the LBET method over those conventionally used for porous structure analysis based on Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and Dubinin–Raduskevich (DR) equations, because it takes into account surface heterogeneities. The novel analyses methods were more fully validated as a reliable characterization tool, by extending their application to the isotherms for ACs developed from the same precursor by phosphoric acid activation, and for samples arising from these ACs, further subjected to additional post-treatments. The effect of the raw material used as precursor was moreover analysed by comparison with previous reported results for other ACs. The complementarity of the results obtained with the LBET and QSDFT methods is also noteworthy, resulting in a more complete and reliable picture of the analyzed porous structures.

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Activated carbon from biomass waste precursors: Factors affecting production and adsorption mechanism

Cited by 166 publications

References 137 publications

Activation of Carbon Using Microwave-Assisted Hydrochloric Acid for Urea Adsorbtion

Activation of Carbon Using Microwave-Assisted Hydrochloric Acid for Urea Adsorbtion

High-Surface-Area-Activated Carbon Derived from Mango Peels and Seeds Wastes via Microwave-Induced ZnCl2 Activation for Adsorption of Methylene Blue Dye Molecules: Statistical Optimization and Mechanism

Mathematical analysis of the effect of process conditions on the porous structure development of activated carbons derived from Pine cones

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