High-Surface-Area-Activated Carbon Derived from Mango Peels and Seeds Wastes via Microwave-Induced ZnCl2 Activation for Adsorption of Methylene Blue Dye Molecules: Statistical Optimization and Mechanism

Abstract

In this study, Mango (Mangifera indica) seeds (MS) and peels (MP) seeds mixed fruit wastes were employed as a renewable precursor to synthesize high-surface-area-activated carbon (MSMPAC) by using microwave-induced ZnCl2 activation. Thus, the applicability of MSMPAC was evaluated towards the removal of cationic dye (methylene blue, MB) from an aqueous environment. The key adsorption factors, namely A: MSMPAC dose (0.02–0.1 g), B: pH (4–10), and C: time (5–15 min), were inspected using the desirability function of the Box-Behnken design (BBD). Thus, the adsorption isotherm data were found to correspond well with the Langmuir model with a maximum adsorption capacity of (232.8 mg/g). Moreover, the adsorption kinetics were consistent with both pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models. The spontaneous and endothermic nature of MB adsorption on the MSMPAC surface could be inferred from the negative ∆G° values and positive value of ∆H°, respectively. Various mechanisms namely electrostatic forces, pore filling, π-π stacking, and H-bonding govern MB adsorption by the MSMPAC. This study demonstrates the utility of MS and MP as renewable precursors to produce high-surface area MSMPAC with a potential application towards the removal of cationic organic dyes such as MB.

Adsorption behavior of chloramphenicol on an activated carbon from pomelo peel using KHCO3 activator

“…The band at 1067 cm −1 provided evidence of the presence of C–O stretching in both phenolic and carboxylate groups. 57,58 The presence of aromatic rings in the carbon structure was indicated by the band observed at 1400 cm −1 (C–C) and 810–500 cm −1 (C–H). 37 The above analysis indicated the presence of numerous CC bonds and a significant number of functional groups containing oxygen on the surface of the carbon material.…”

Multi‐interactions driven continuous removal of organic dyes from water by lignocellulosic‐based fibers

“…In general, almost all dyes contain a chromophore group of azo, anthraquinone, phthalocyanine, or triarylmethane 11,12 . Therefore, a wide range of adsorbents has been developed to remove dyes from wastewater, including activated carbon, bio‐charcoal, metal oxides, and diverse modified polymer materials, relying on the van der Waals interactions, π‐π bonds, electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonds, or hydrophobic interactions 13–19 . However, most of these adsorbents are high‐cost, difficult to regenerate, and used in a fixed‐bed column for continuous separation, which is unfavorable for wide application in practice.…”

Soybean oil‐based nanocomposites for dye adsorption: AESO‐chitosan‐graphene oxide synergy in water treatment

“…[13][14][15] The environmental toxicity of MB can be largely attributed to the presence of aromatic rings within its molecular structure. [16][17][18] Over the years, researchers have developed a multitude of techniques for the removal of contaminants like MB from water. These approaches include processes such as photo-Fenton reactions, coagulation and flocculation, membrane-based filtration, and adsorption techniques.…”

“…One widely utilized organic dye in multiple industries, including textiles, dyeing, printing, pesticides, and paper production, is methylene blue (MB) 13–15 . The environmental toxicity of MB can be largely attributed to the presence of aromatic rings within its molecular structure 16–18 . Over the years, researchers have developed a multitude of techniques for the removal of contaminants like MB from water.…”