Action of various new analgesic drugs on the human common bile duct.

A cross-over comparison of the effect of morphine, pethidine, pentazocine, and phenazocine on biliary pressure

“…When our results with morphine are compared with others in the literature, the rise seems somewhat G. Economou and J. N. Ward-McQuaid slower with a lower peak than that obtained by intramuscular injection (Kjellgren, 1960;Hopton and Torrance, 1967) and as could be expected by intravenous injection (Efron, 1958;Boulter, 1961). Our maximum rise occurred at 30 minutes nine days after operation, compared with 10-30 minutes, while three days after operation the rise was maximal at 60 minutes.…”

“…A week after operation, however, these variations are less marked (Jacobsson, 1957). Hopton and Torrance (1967) did not consider variations of 2 cm of great significance.…”

“…We used the simplest method of direct measurement without recording devices (Kjellgren and Lof, 1959;Boulter, 1961;Hopton and Torrance, 1967). Electromanometry by transducers (Jacobsson, 1957;Kjellgren and Lof, 1959;Marth, 1968) and methods involving transit times (Boulter, 1961;Daniel, 1965;Daniel and Singh, 1969) have also been advocated.…”

“…The effect of morphine is about twice that of pethidine (Jacobsson, 1957;Efron, 1958;Kjellgren and Lof, 1959;Kjellgren, 1960;Hopton and Torrance, 1967). Hopton and Torrance (1967) advocated the use of phenazocine (Narphen), the first benzomorphan derivative used extensively for pain, as it produced only a minimal rise in biliary pressure.…”

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Drugs Administered Buccally and Sublingually

“…Compared with other potent opioid analgesics, phenazocine has a lesser tendency to cause nausea, sedation and respiratory depression (Blair 1967). It is associated with a lower incidence of tolerance and dependence, and does not cause spasm of the sphincter of Oddi (Hopton & Torrance 1967). Thus, phenazocine is particularly useful where adverse effects may be a problem with other opiates, and for treatment of biliary or pancreatic pain.…”