Action of Soap on Skin

Blank, Irvin H.

doi:10.1001/archderm.1939.01480230021003

Cited by 41 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The observations that sodium lauryl sulphate or benzulkonium diloride {cationic surfactant) treatment made human skin more permeable to potassium and sodium ions (Scala et al, 1968) support this view. Increase in the permeability of the skin to metal ions after a period of treatment is likely to be accompanied by increase in permeability to other substances such as surfactants themselves (Blank andUould, 1959, 1961;Scalaefa?., 1908) andtheabihty of a surfactant to react with epidermal keratin can thus be correlated with the occurrence of damage to underlying tissues. This is consistent with an observation made by Blank ei at., (1964) that, in order to produce primary tissue damage, an irritant must first penetrate the skin.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…IONIC and noii-ionie surface active agents are included in a wide range of cosmetic, household and industrial jtreparations, in view of their emulsifying and detergent properties. A number of surfatrtants are known to possess irritant properties v\'licn a]i]ilied to tlie skin (if aninialw or man and, f(jr this reason, tlieir effects on tlie skin have been extensively studied under botii //( vitro and in viro conditions (Blank. 1939;Emery and Kdwards.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Physico-Chemical Factors Influencing Epidermal Damage by Surface Active Agents

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1972

Br J Dermatol

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Summary.— The responses of mouse skin to single (10%) and repeated (1% or 2·5%) applications of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), cetrimide and Tween‐80 were examined visually and histologically after various periods of exposure. Whereas no damage was caused by Tween‐80 when given as single applications or daily for 9 days, SLS and cetrimide both produced damage. After single applications the changes consisted of epidermal cell degeneration, focal necrosis and dermal inflammatory cell infiltration. After repeated treatment acanthosis and hyperkeratosis were identified, and nuclear debris was present in the keratin layer. Cetrimide‐treated skins were more severely damaged than those treated with SLS. In general, histological changes preceded visual changes by 1 to 2 days. Irritancy due to these surfactants was related to theri physico‐chemical properties. Since Tween‐80 at the concentrations used was highly surface active and lipophilic, these properties were not considered of importance in explaining the damage due to SLS or centrimide. Both of these agents react well with protein such as keratin whereas Tween‐80 does not. Thus it would seem that this property is of primary importance in the production of damage.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Physico-Chemical Factors Influencing Epidermal Damage by Surface Active Agents

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1972

Br J Dermatol

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“…Skin irritation elicited by surfactants is a serious problem in using detergent, soap, and cosmetics. − Human skin is mainly composed of two layers, the epidermis, which serves as a barrier to infection and the dermis, which provides the appendages of skin at a particular place. As the outermost layer of the skin, the stratum corneum of mammalian epidermis consists of keratin-filled dead corneocytes and extracellular multiple crystalline lamellar lipids .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions of Cationic/Anionic Mixed Surfactant Aggregates with Phospholipid Vesicles and Their Skin Penetration Ability

et al. 2017

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This work studied the interactions of an oppositely charged surfactant mixture of oleyl bis(2-hydroxyethyl)methyl ammonium bromide (OHAB) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) with 1,2-di-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) vesicles as well as the penetration of the OHAB/SDS mixture through model skin, aimed at understanding the relationship between the ability of different surfactant aggregates in solubilizing phospholipid vesicles and their potential in irritating skin. By changing the molar fraction of OHAB (X), five kinds of aggregates are constructed: OHAB and SDS separately form cationic and anionic small micelles, whereas the OHAB/SDS mixtures form cationic and anionic vesicles at X = 0.30 and 0.70, respectively, and weakly charged vesicles at X = 0.50. The mixtures have much lower critical micellar concentrations (CMCs) and much larger aggregates than either OHAB or SDS alone, and the CMC and the size of the OHAB/SDS vesicles decrease with the increase in X. The phase diagrams indicate that the OHAB/SDS mixtures show much stronger ability in solubilizing the DOPC vesicles than individual OHAB and SDS and decrease in the order of X = 0.30 > 0.50 > 0.70 ≫ 1.00 > 0. However, the ability of the surfactants in penetrating the model skin decreases reversely, and the penetration of the surfactants are significantly reduced by mixing. These results indicate that the surfactant mixture with a larger aggregate size and a smaller CMC value displays much stronger ability in solubilizing the DOPC vesicles but much weaker ability in penetrating the skin.

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“…In general, medium chain alcohols are found to be the most efficient promoters for ME formulation . However, synthetic surfactants and short or medium chain alkanols as cosurfactants produce potential skin irritation or allergy. , On top of that, destabilization of the system by evaporation of volatile alcohols prevent these ME formulations from being used for practical applications . Therefore, the selection of components for MEs suitable for cosmetic and pharmaceutical use is one of the most important factors to fulfill the requirements of a good delivery system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure, Morphology, and Ultrafast Dynamics of a Novel Edible Microemulsion

et al. 2012

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An edible microemulsion (ME) composed of Tween 80/butyl lactate/isopropyl myristate (IPM)/water has been formulated. Pseudoternary phase diagram of the system contains a large single isotropic region. The phase behavior of the system is also studied at low pH (2.6) and in 0.9% NaCl solution. Conductivity, viscosity, ultrasonic velocity, and compressibility studies find consistent results in the structural transition (from water-in-oil (w/o) to bicontinuous, and from bicontinuous to oil-in-water (o/w)) behavior of the ME. Dynamic light scattering studies reveal the size of the MEs. The absorption and steady state emission spectra of 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6-(p-dimethylamino-styryl)-4H-pyran (DCM) successfully probe the polarity of the ME at its solvation shell and shows the efficacy of hosting model drug molecules. The rotational anisotropy of the dye has been studied to ascertain the geometrical restriction of the probe molecule. Picosecond-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy applies well to study the relaxation dynamics of water in the solvation shell of the MEs. The study finds strong correlation in the relaxation dynamics of water with the structure of host assembly and offers an edible ME system which could act as a potential drug delivery system and nontoxic nanotemplate for other applications.

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Action of Soap on Skin

Cited by 41 publications

References 10 publications

Physico-Chemical Factors Influencing Epidermal Damage by Surface Active Agents

Physico-Chemical Factors Influencing Epidermal Damage by Surface Active Agents

Interactions of Cationic/Anionic Mixed Surfactant Aggregates with Phospholipid Vesicles and Their Skin Penetration Ability

Microstructure, Morphology, and Ultrafast Dynamics of a Novel Edible Microemulsion

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