Action of acth^{1 ‐24}upon plasma corticosterone concentrations in racing pigeons(Columba Livia domestica)

Abstract

SUMMARYTo establish the optimal dose and sampling times for the ACTH stimulation test in racing pigeons, plasma corticosterone concentrations were measured in experimental animals at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 min after intramuscular administration of different doses of ACTH 1-24 .Baseline corticosterone concentrations varied between less than 0.2 and 1.24 μtg/dl. To evaluate adrenocortical function the clinician is advised to take a blood sample before and at 60 or 90 min after stimulation with 50 μg ACTH or at 30, 60, 90 or 120 min after stimulation with 125 μg ACTH. In healthy individuals a ten-to hundred-fold increase over baseline (t=0) corticosterone concentrations and absolute concentrations in the range of 2.2 to 15.0 μg/dl can be expected in the post stimulation sample.

Relationships between environmental organochlorine contaminant residues, plasma corticosterone concentrations, and intermediary metabolic enzyme activities in Great Lakes herring gull embryos.

“…To assess adrenal function, ACTH is used to stimulate adrenal corticosterone production and secretion. This approach has been optimized and successfully used as a diagnostic test of adrenal insufficiency in racing pigeons (Columbia livia domestica) (41) and black ducks (Anas rubripes) (42). Stressors, such as heat or cold exposure, effectively stimulate the entire HPA axis, also resulting in adrenal corticosterone synthesis and secretion.…”

Aspergillusinfections in birds: a review

“…Amphotericin B Intravenous 1.5 mg/kg q a 8 h 3 to 5 days (Flammer, 1993;Joseph et al, 1994), 10 to 14 days (Jenkins, 1991) Intratracheal 1.5 mg/kg q8 to 12 h (raptors) (Redig & Duke, 1985) Nebulization 1 mg/kg q24 h 10 to 14 days (Jenkins, 1991), q12 h (raptors) (Joseph et al, 1994) Into air sac 1 mg/ml 15 min 5 to 7 days every other week (Orosz & Frazier, 1995), q12 h (Joseph et al, 1994) Topical (wound) Dose not specified (Flammer, 1993) 1.35 mg/kg q24 h (liposomally encapsulated amphotericin B) (Bonar & Lewandowski, 2004) Clotrimazole Topical Dose not specified (Flammer, 1993) Nebulization 10 mg/ml polyethylene glycol for 30 to 45 min q24 h 3 days on/2 days off (1 to 4 months) (Joseph et al, 1994;Orosz & Frazier, 1995) Enilconazole Topical Dose not specified (Flammer, 1993) Nebulization 0.1 ml/kg for 30 min q24 h 5 days on/2 days off (raptors) (Heatly et al, 2007) Disinfection Environment: flush with solutions as recommended for use in poultry houses (Flammer, 1993) Fluconazole Oral, intravenous 5 mg/kg q24 h 7 days (Bauck et al, 1992;Flammer, 1993) 15 mg/kg q12 h (psittacines) (Pericard, 2005) Itraconazole Oral 5 to 15 mg/kg q12 h with food for 7 to 21 days (Bauck et al, 1992) 10 mg/kg q24 h 3 weeks (Verstappen & Dorrestein, 2005) (falcons) 15 mg/kg per orally q12 h/q24 h (Abrams et al, 2001), 10 to 20 mg/kg q12 h/q24 h (Flammer, 1993) 5 mg/kg q24 h 30 days (African grey parrots) (Orosz & Frazier, 1995) 5 to 10 mg/kg q24 h (Amazon parrots) (Orosz et al, 1996), 6 mg/kg q12 h (pigeons) (Lumeij et al, 1995) Preventive: 10 mg/kg q24 h 10 days (Forbes, 1992), 20 mg/kg q24 h (Meredith, 1997), 15 to 25 mg/kg/day for 1 week (Xavier, 2008) Ketoconazole Oral 10 to 30 mg/kg q12 h 21 days (resuspending in orange juice q5 days) (Bauck et al, 1992) 20 to 30 mg/kg q12 h (Flammer, 1993), 30 mg/kg q12 h 14 to 30 day...…”

Studies on itraconazole delivery and pharmacokinetics in mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos)

“…Yet even when enhanced by acidification or cyclodextrin, the absorption of ITZ in mallard ducks appears to be less than that reported in some other avian species. In a study using pigeons, mean peak plasma ITZ concentration following a single oral dose of non‐acidified ITZ at 10.3 mg/kg dose (following a 12‐h fast) was 1.13 μ g/mL (Lumeij et al. , 1995).…”

“…, 2000; Orosz, 2000; Tseng, 2001). Pharmacokinetic parameters for orally administered ITZ have been reported for pigeons ( Columba livia domestica : Lumeij et al. , 1995; Orosz et al.…”