Acrylamide content in cigarette mainstream smoke and estimation of exposure to acrylamide from tobacco smoke in Poland

Abstract

Introduction and objective. Acrylamide is a "probably human carcinogen" monomer that can form in heated starchy food as a result of a reaction between asparagine and reducing sugars via Maillard reaction. The main source of acrylamide in human diet are potato products, cereal products and coffee. Tobacco smoke may be another significant source of exposure to acrylamide. The aim of our study was to determine acrylamide content in cigarettes available on the Polish market and to estimate the exposure to acrylamide originating from tobacco smoke in smokers in Poland. Materials and methods. The material was cigarettes of the top five brands bought in Poland and tobacco from non-smoked cigarettes. Acrylamide content in cigarettes mainstream smoke was determined by LC-MS/MS. Exposure assessment was carried out using analytical data of acrylamide content in cigarettes and the mean quantity of cigarettes smoked daily by smokers in Poland, assuming body weight at 70 kg. Results. The mean content of acrylamide was 679.3 ng/cigarette (range: 455.0-822.5 ng/cigarette). The content of acrylamide was evidenced to correlate positively with total particulate matter (TPM) content in cigarettes. The estimated average exposure to acrylamide from tobacco smoke in adult smokers in Poland is 0.17 μg/kg b.w./day. Conclusions. Our results demonstrate that tobacco smoke is a significant source of acrylamide and total exposure to acrylamide in the population of smokers, on average, is higher by more than 50% in comparison with non-smokers. Our estimation of exposure to acrylamide from tobacco smoke is the first estimation taking into account the actual determined acrylamide content in the cigarettes available on the market.

Biomonitoring of nutritional acrylamide intake by consumers without dietary preferences as compared to vegans

“…In addition to foods of industrial origin, home cooking is contributing to an as yet largely unexplored extent to the AA overall exposure. Finally, AA also arises by combustion processes and therefore is present in tobacco smoke (Mojska et al 2016). AA is considered a genotoxic carcinogen undergoing CYP450 2E1 mediated epoxidation in the liver to 2,3-epoxypropanamide, an alkylating electrophile also called glycidamide (GA).…”

Experimental and pan-cancer genome analyses reveal widespread contribution of acrylamide exposure to carcinogenesis in humans

“…Among dietary compounds with carcinogenic potential, acrylamide (ACR) is of interest because of its ubiquitous presence. Important sources of exposure to ACR include tobacco smoke (Mojska et al 2016), coffee (Takatsuki et al 2003), and a spectrum of occupational settings (IARC 1994). ACR forms in carbohydraterich foods (e.g., potatoes and cereals) heated at high temperatures, because of Maillard reactions involving reducing sugars and the amino acid asparagine (Tareke et al 2002).…”

Stimulating the Expression of Sphingosine Kinase 1 (SphK1) is Beneficial to Reduce Acrylamide-Induced Nerve Cell Damage

“…The exposure of the population to ACR is multi-channel. Staff intake it by Skin in the occupational environment [1] and the general population by smoking [2] , drinking water [3] and food [4] . Acrylamide tends to accumulate in brain tissue and other fat-rich parts.…”