Acrylamide, acrylic acid, or 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanesulfonic acid induced cytotoxic in Photobacterium phosphoreum, PC12, and SK‐N‐SH cells

Abstract

In enhancing oil recovery, more and more new water-soluble polymers are developed to replace the high toxicity and low stability acrylamide (ACR) monomer. The common replacement monomer is acrylic acid (AA) and 2-acrylamido-2-methylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS), which are considered safe and efficient. In this study, AA, ACR and AMPS caused remarkable cytotoxicity in Photobacterium phosphoreum, the rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12) and the Human neuroblastoma cells (SK-N-SH). ACR is much more lethal than AA and AMPS in PC12 and SK-N-SH cells, meanwhile, the toxicity of AA and AMPS decreases with the decrease of acid.Furthermore, similar to ACR, AA, and AMPS can induce severe DNA double-strand breakage in PC12 and SK-N-SH cells. Both AA and ACR can cause cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase in PC12 and SK-N-SH cells. In addition, like ACR, AA, and AMPS can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis in both PC12 and SK-N-SH cells. The acute toxicity of AA and AMPS is lower than ACR, however, the decline in acute toxicity in monomers does not mean toxic-free. We should focus on the toxicity of AA and ACR and reduce occupational contact to protect employee occupational health.2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid, acrylamide, acrylic acid, cytotoxicity | INTRODUCTIONPolymer flooding is an effective method of enhancing oil recovery in the middle and later stages of oil recovery water flooding. Polyacrylamide is one of the most widely used water-soluble polymers in enhancing oil recovery. Due to the high salt concentration, the high temperature and the long recovery time of tertiary oil, the stability of the polymer is an important peculiarity. The new polymers with acrylic acid (AA), acrylamide (ACR), and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanes ulfonic acid (AMPS) as widely used monomers have been developed widely, which is called with the characteristics of salt tolerance, heat resistance and stability water-soluble. [1][2][3] Since the extremely toxic acrylamide has been all or partly replaced with a less harmful monomer that is, AA and/or AMPS, the new polymers were thought to be more suitable. 4 Due to the environmental and occupational exposure to the raw material, the residual and released monomer from the polymers, are they safe? Acrylamide (ACR) is a water-soluble vinyl monomer, which is a low molecular weight, colorless and odorless crystalline substance. 5,6 ACR is vastly produced for the synthesis of polyacrylamides and widely used in various industries, such as water and wastewater management, soil coagulation, cosmetic manufacturing, dye synthesis and scientific laboratories for the gel electrophoretic separation of macromolecules. 6,7 In 1994, acrylamide was classified as potentially carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).

Rapid Degradation of Hazardous Amides by Immobilized Engineered Pseudomonas putida KT2440 Based on a Novel Gene Expression Vector

“…putida KT2440 pLSJ15-amiA, forming ACC. The toxicity of ACC is lower than that of ACM, and ACC is rapidly degraded in the environment …”

“…The toxicity of ACC is lower than that of ACM, and ACC is rapidly degraded in the environment. 44 3.5. Effects of pH on AmiA Activity and Stability of Free and Immobilized P. putida KT2440 pLSJ15-amiA.…”