Acquisition and Transmissibility of U.S. Soybean dwarf virus Isolates by the Soybean Aphid, Aphis glycines

Abstract

Damsteegt, V. D., Stone, A. L., Kublmann, M., Gildow, F E., Domier, L. L., Sherman, D. J., Tian, B., and Schneider, W. L. 2011. Acquisition and transmissibility of U.S. Soybean dwarf virus isolates by tbe soybean aphid. Aphis glycines. Plant Dis. 95:945-950.Soybean dwarf virus (SbDV) exists as several distinct strains based on symptomatology, vector specificity, and host range. Originally characterized Japanese isolates of SbDV were specifically transmitted by Aulacorthum solani. More recently, additional Japanese isolates and endemic U.S. isolates bave been shown to be transmitted by several different apbid species. The soybean aphid. Aphis glycines, tbe only aphid that colonizes soybean, has been shown to be a very inefficient vector of some SbDV isolates from Japan and the United States. Transmission experiments have shown that tbe soybean apbid can transmit certain isolates of SbDV from soybean to soybean and clover species and from clover to clover and soybean witb long acquisition and inoculation access periods. Although transmission of SbDV by tbe soybean apbid is very inefficient, tbe large soybean apbid populations that develop on soybean may have epidemiological potential to produce serious SbDV-induced yield losses.Soybean dwarf virus (SbDV) is the causal agent of an economically important disease of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in Japan (34-37) and a minor disease of other crops elsewhere (21). The causal virus has been transmitted to more than 50 species of forage legumes, pulse crops, and other broadleaf plants representing three families (1,5,6,18,21).As a member of the Luteoviridae, SbDV is transmitted only by apbids in a circulative, persistent manner. It is pbloem-limited and occurs in low concentration in plants (32). Tbe virus consists of several distinct strains based on symptomatology in soybeans, specificity of transmission by apbid species, physiochemical properties, and nucleotide sequence (5,27-30,37). The originally described Japanese soybean strains (SbDV-DS and SbDV-YS), hereinafter called SbDV-D and SbDV-Y, and a subterranean clover red-leaf virus (SCRLV, now synonymous with SbDV) described in Australia (20) were transmitted almost exclusively by Aulacorthum solani Kaltenbacb. An isolate serologically related to SCRLV found in California (19), and other related isolates found worldwide, were transmitted by Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) and other aphid species (7,11,16,22,23), and not by A. solani. More recently, dwarfing and yellowing strains of SbDV (SbDV-DP and SbDV-YP) have been described from Japan tbat were transmitted by Acyrthosiphon pisum (37). Except for one report (15), all earlier attempts to transmit strains of SbDV by tbe soybean aphid Aphis glycines Matsumora have been unsuccessful (11,32,41). The soybean apbid has been reported to transmit several plant vinises (4,11) including tbe Indonesian Soybean dwarf virus (17). Tbe Indonesian SbDV was shown to be serologically distinct from Japanese SbDV isolates, and no further reports about this virus could be found.Corresp...

Determining the duration of Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae) induced susceptibility effect in soybean

“…Persistently transmitted viruses generally are acquired through extended feeding bouts and benefit from vector settling. Plant virus infection is unlikely to be the cause of the observed obviation of resistance as the only persistently transmitted soybean virus in North America is Soybean dwarf virus (Hartman 1999), which is rarely vectored by A. glycines (Harrison et al 2005;Wang et al 2006;Damsteegt et al 2011). Additional evidence that a plant virus is unlikely responsible for the obviation of resistance is the reduction in the response populations at 120 and 216 h for the virulent inducer population treatment.…”

Discovery of Known and Novel Viral Genomes in Soybean Aphid by Deep Sequencing

“…It damages plants directly (Macedo et al 2003) and produces sugar-rich honeydew, which makes plants sticky, difficult to handle, and fosters growth of sooty mold that further reduces yield. In addition to this damage, the soybean aphid is a vector of, among others, Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) (Bol 2003), Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) (Jayaram et al 1991), and (inefficiently) Soybean dwarf virus (SbDV) (Damsteegt et al 2011). These viruses do not replicate in the aphid.…”

Aphid vectors impose a major bottleneck on Soybean dwarf virus populations for horizontal transmission in soybean

“…Following the non-host feeding for 48 h, the SbDV-MD6 was retained in both aphid species, although the titer was significantly low in soybean aphids. MD6 isolate was also efficiently transported into hemocoel by A. pisum but not efficiently by A. glycines, despite the fact that many SbDV isolates are efficiently transmitted by A. pisum and poorly transmitted by A. glycines (Wang et al 2006;Damsteegt et al 2011). Based on these results, it indicated the acquisition of Maryland isolates of SbDV by aphids was not a major problem for aphid transmission, and other selective sites must exist to limit the aphid transmission.…”