Acquisition and differential conditioning of the eyelid response in normal and retarded children

Ohlrich, Elizabeth S.; Ross, Leonard E.

doi:10.1016/0022-0965(68)90083-0

Cited by 37 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…PPVT) . This is consistent with other studies which have found no correlations with a variety of intelligence performance variables correlated with eyeblink conditioning (Cromwell et al 1961; Ohlrich and Ross 1968). This study also replicated findings that young adults do not differ from adolescents on the level of eyeblink conditioning (Sears et al 1994).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Cerebellar-dependent delay eyeblink conditioning in adolescents with Specific Language Impairment

Steinmetz

Rice

2010

J Neurodevelop Disord

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Cerebellar impairments have been hypothesized as part of the pathogenesis of Specific Language Impairment (SLI), although direct evidence of cerebellar involvement is sparse. Eyeblink Conditioning (EBC) is a learning task with well documented cerebellar pathways. This is the first study of EBC in affected adolescents and controls. 16 adolescent controls, 15 adolescents with SLI, and 12 adult controls participated in a delay EBC task. Affected children had low general language performance, grammatical deficits but no speech impairments. The affected group did not differ from the control adolescent or control adult group, showing intact cerebellar functioning on the EBC task. This study did not support cerebellar impairment at the level of basic learning pathways as part of the pathogenesis of SLI. Outcomes do not rule out cerebellar influences on speech impairment, or possible other forms of cerebellar functioning as contributing to SLI.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Cerebellar-dependent delay eyeblink conditioning in adolescents with Specific Language Impairment

Steinmetz

Rice

2010

J Neurodevelop Disord

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“…As a result, eyeblink conditioning could be useful in the early detection and characterization of functional loss associated with these neurological conditions. This possibility is supported in a study by Ohlrich and Ross (74), in which normal and mentally retarded children were trained with delay conditioning, discrimination, and discrimination reversal procedures with the eyeblink conditioning preparation. Normal children showed higher levels of conditioning with an 800 msec interstimulus interval (ISI) than a 500 msec ISI and showed discrimination learning.…”

Section: Applications To Developmental Learning Disordersmentioning

confidence: 70%

Eyeblink conditioning in the infant rat: an animal model of learning in developmental neurotoxicology.

Stanton

Freeman

1994

Environ Health Perspect

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Classical conditioning of the eyeblink reflex is a relatively simple procedure for studying associative learning that was first developed for use with human subjects more than half a century ago. The use of this procedure in laboratory animals by psychologists and neuroscientists over the past 30 years has produced a powerful animal model for studying the behavioral and biological mechanisms of learning. As a result, eyeblink conditioning is beginning to be pursued as a very promising model for predicting and understanding human learning and memory disorders. Among the many advantages of this procedure are (a) the fact that it can be carried out in the same manner in both humans and laboratory animals; (b) the many ways in which it permits one to characterize changes in learning at the behavioral level; (c) the readiness with which hypotheses regarding the neurological basis of behavioral disorders can be formulated and tested; (d) the fact that it can be used in the same way across the life-span; and (e) its ability to distinguish, from normative groups, populations suffering from neurological conditions associated with impaired learning and memory, including those produced by exposure to neurotoxicants. In this article, we argue that these properties of eyeblink conditioning make it an excellent model system for studying early impairments of learning and memory in developmental neurotoxicology. We also review progress that has been made in our laboratory in developing a rodent model of infant eyeblink conditioning for this purpose. -Environ Health Perspect 102(Suppl 2):131-139 (1994).

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“…Little et al (1984) used an adaptive-CR measure that was even more conservative than ours, taking those responses that occurred no earlier than 170 ms prior to US onset. Others (Hoffman et al, 1985;Ohlrich & Ross, 1968) defined CRs from the end of the alpha period (our Total CR measure). Our findings indicate that whichever of these measures is used can dramatically affect both the amount of conditioning and the shape of the delay function, at least during infancy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A few researchers have reported successful eyeblink conditioning in human infants and children (e.g., Fitzgerald & Brackbill, 1976;Little, Lipsitt, & Rovee-Collier, 1984;Ohlrich & Ross, 1968), but little parametric work has been conducted. A review of the literature, however, suggests that (barring significant laboratory procedural differences) there may be developmental changes in the parameters that support eyeblink conditioning at different ages.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Effect of delay interval on classical eyeblink conditioning in 5‐month‐old human infants

Claflin

Stanton

Herbert

et al. 2002

Developmental Psychobiology

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Associative learning was evaluated in human infants with simple delay classical eyeblink conditioning. A tone conditioned stimulus (CS) was paired with an airpuff unconditioned stimulus (US) at three different delay intervals (250, 650, and 1,250 ms). Independent groups of healthy, full-term 5-month-old human infants were assigned to these three paired conditions and received two identical training sessions 1 week apart. The two longer delays resulted in associative conditioning, as confirmed by comparison with unpaired control groups. However, only at the 650-ms delay were associative eyeblinks adaptively timed to avoid the airpuff. The delay function at 5 months of age appears much sharper than is observed in adults. Together with the findings of A. H. Little, L. P. Lipsitt, and C. Rovee-Collier (1984), the present study suggests a downward shift in the optimal delay interval for associative eyeblink conditioning between 1 and 6 months of age. However, this delay remains longer than what is typically reported in adults.

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Acquisition and differential conditioning of the eyelid response in normal and retarded children

Cited by 37 publications

References 7 publications

Cerebellar-dependent delay eyeblink conditioning in adolescents with Specific Language Impairment

Cerebellar-dependent delay eyeblink conditioning in adolescents with Specific Language Impairment

Eyeblink conditioning in the infant rat: an animal model of learning in developmental neurotoxicology.

Effect of delay interval on classical eyeblink conditioning in 5‐month‐old human infants

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