“…At present, the experimental methods used for the identification for powder debonding of solid propellant include scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical microscopy (OM), micro-CT (MCT), ultrasonic measurement (UT) etc. (Knollman and Yee, 1988; Liu, 2007; Nevière, 2006; Miller, 2019; Miqoi et al., 2021; Shekhar and Sahasrabudhe, 2011; Tang et al., 1995). However, these methods can’t consider the analysis of microscopic characteristics, quantitative characterization and real-time dynamic detection of damage simultaneously.…”