Acidity‐Activatable Nanoparticles with Glucose Oxidase‐Enhanced Photoacoustic Imaging and Photothermal Effect, and Macrophage‐Related Immunomodulation for Synergistic Treatment of Biofilm Infection

Abstract

The pH‐responsive theragnostics exhibit great potential for precision diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Herein, acidity‐activatable nanoparticles of GB@P based on glucose oxidase (GO) and polyaniline are developed for treatment of biofilm infection. Catalyzed by GO, GB@P triggers the conversion of glucose into gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), enabling an acidic microenvironment‐activated simultaneously enhanced photothermal (PT) effect/amplified photoacoustic imaging (PAI). The synergistic effects of the enhanced PT efficacy of GB@P and H2O2 accelerate biofilm eradication because the penetration of H2O2 into biofilm improves the bacterial sensitivity to heat, and the enhanced PT effect destroys the expressions of extracellular DNA and genomic DNA, resulting in biofilm destruction and bacterial death. Importantly, GB@P facilitates the polarization of proinflammatory M1 macrophages that initiates macrophage‐related immunity, which enhances the phagocytosis of macrophages and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, leading to a sustained bactericidal effect and biofilm eradication by the innate immunomodulatory effect. Accordingly, the nanoplatform of GB@P exhibits the synergistic effects on the biofilm eradication and bacterial residuals clearance through a combination of the enhanced PT effect with immunomodulation. This study provides a promising nanoplatform with enhanced PT efficacy and amplified PAI for diagnosis and treatment of biofilm infection.

Degradable Microneedle Patch with Photothermal-Promoted Bacteria-Infected Wound Healing and Microenvironment Remodeling

“…In addition, the formation of bacterial biofilm is another main concern of drug resistance, because it further prevents drugs from contacting bacteria, thereby delaying the healing of infected wounds. 26 Thus, we incubated S. aureus with different nanoparticles for 48 h, to evaluate the influence of nanoparticles on the formation of biofilm (Figure 2e). As demonstrated in Figure 2f, AAZH inhibited approximately 80% of biofilm formation, in sharp contrast with the PBS group.…”

Strategies to Promote the Journey of Nanoparticles Against Biofilm‐Associated Infections

“…Meanwhile, the temperature of NPs + NIR increased to near 50 °C, which was able to denature the proteins in EPS matrix and had negative effects on intensity and stability of biofilms. [157] With the biofilm disruption ability, photothermal NPs may present other special functions such as NIR induced structural change. Recently, Yin et al coated AuNRs with thermosensitive copolymer microgel to form nanocomposites for treating wound infections caused by MRSA.…”

“…Meanwhile, the temperature of NPs + NIR increased to near 50 °C, which was able to denature the proteins in EPS matrix and had negative effects on intensity and stability of biofilms. [ 157 ]…”

Magnesium-Rich Calcium Phosphate Derived from Tilapia Bone Has Superior Osteogenic Potential

“…Synthetic calcium phosphate is the main source of calcium phosphate owing to its easily controlled chemical composition and phase composition; however, its biological activity is potentially limited by its deficiency in trace elements and nanostructures compared to natural calcium phosphate materials [8,9]. To address these deficiencies, an increasing number of researchers have attempted to incorporate trace elements such as magnesium, iron, and strontium into hydroxyapatite [10][11][12]. Gong et al synthesised Mg-doped hydroxyapatite whiskers which promote cell proliferation and differentiation [13].…”