Acidic mammalian chitinase tuning after enteric helminths eradication in inflammatory respiratory disease patients

Purpose of review Precision medicine could help to improve diagnosis and treatment of asthma; however, in the tropics there are special conditions to be considered for applying this strategy. In this review, we analyze recent advances of precision allergology in tropical regions, highlighting its limitations and needs in high-admixed populations living under environments with high exposure to house dust mites and helminth infections. Recent findings Advances have been made regarding the genetic characterization of the great diversity of populations living in the tropics. Genes involved in shared biological pathways between immune responses to nematodes and the allergic responses suggested new mechanisms of predisposition. Genome wide association studies of asthma are progressively focusing on some highly replicated genes such as those in chromosome 17q31-13, which have been also replicated in African ancestry populations. Some diagnostic difficulties, because of the endemicity of helminth infections, are now more evident in the context of phenotype definition. Summary The clinical impact of the advances in precision medicine for asthma in the tropics is still limited and mainly related to component resolved diagnosis. More basic and clinical research is needed to identify genetic, epigenetic, or other biologic markers that allow and accurate definition of phenotypes and endotypes of this heterogeneous disease. This will substantially improve the selection of personalized treatments.

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Interactions between macrophages and helminths

Coakley

Harris

2020

Parasite Immunology

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Macrophages, the major population of tissue‐resident mononuclear phagocytes, contribute significantly to the immune response during helminth infection. Alternatively activated macrophages (AAM) are induced early in the anti‐helminth response following tissue insult and parasite recognition, amplifying the early type 2 immune cascade initiated by epithelial cells and ILC2s, and subsequently driving parasite expulsion. AAM also contribute to functional alterations in tissues infiltrated with helminth larvae, mediating both tissue repair and inflammation. Their activation is amplified and occurs more rapidly following reinfection, where they can play a dual role in trapping tissue migratory larvae and preventing or resolving the associated inflammation and damage. In this review, we will address both the known and emerging roles of tissue macrophages during helminth infection, in addition to considering both outstanding research questions and new therapeutic strategies.

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Acidic mammalian chitinase tuning after enteric helminths eradication in inflammatory respiratory disease patients

Abstract: Chitin-rich intestinal helminths are suspected to precipitate Th2-immune response in remote tissues by enhancing systemic AMCase expression through intestinal mucosa and macrophages irritation.

Cited by 3 publications

References 58 publications

Macrophage regulation & function in helminth infection

Macrophage regulation & function in helminth infection

Personalized medicine for asthma in tropical regions

Interactions between macrophages and helminths

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