Acid Gas Sequestration During Tertiary Oil Recovery: Optimal Injection Strategies and Importance of Operational Parameters

Abstract

This paper reports on an optimization study for acid gas injection into a fully depleted oil reservoir by numerical modeling. As a special case, the Zama Keg River Z3Z Oil Pool with one horizontal production well and previous acid gas disposal was considered. Acid gas generation (60 – 80% CO2 and 20 – 40% H2S) and safe geological disposal, or conversion to elemental sulphur with associated emissions, is an ongoing concern at Apache's Zama Gas Plant operations. The opportunity for a possible enhanced oil recovery application in the Zama field was foreseen given that use of CO2 in combination with H2S (acid gas) is known to reduce the minimum miscibility pressure with reservoir oils relative to using pure CO2 as a miscible agent. Storing H2S with the CO2 in underground reservoirs will double the benefit for the environment in terms of both short- (mainly H2S) and long-term (mainly CO2) effects to the environment. Ten (10) pinnacles were selected as potential candidates for a pilot project of acid gas injection (sequestration and EOR). Optimal conditions that maximize the oil recovery and the amount of acid gas sequestered were identified for one of these ten pinnacles-the Zama Keg River Z3Z Pool. Special attention was given to breakthrough times, incremental oil recovery and CO2/H2S sequestration volumes. After constructing the static reservoir model using the available data with stochastic/geostatistical techniques, history matching was performed. The compositional simulation option of a commercial simulator (ECLIPSE) was used for this purpose. Available PVT data were used and other data needed were generated using correlations. A number of different injection scenarios were then tested for the combination of optimum incremental oil recovery and acid gas sequestration. The following parameters were considered in the optimization study:miscibility;gravity override;cyclic injection;injection rate; and,injection and production well constraints (completion). Optimum injection strategies yielding maximum oil recovery and maximum acid gas storage, as well as delaying breakthrough time, were evaluated for these cases. Introduction The natural gas sweetening process produces sales gas and acid gas (CO2 and H2S) as a waste with a high percentage of CO2 in the Zama Field. The catalytic conversion of H2S into element sulphur, commercially called a Clause process, is a good economic process during times of high demand and high prices for sulphur. Reduction in world price of sulphur and the environmental hazard of stockpiling elemental sulphur in large blocks is a cause for concern in the oil and gas industry. Energy producers around the world are focusing on a value-added approach to enhanced oil recovery (EOR) or enhanced gas recovery (EGR) for greenhouse gas (GHG) disposal(1–4). Different injection strategies for CO2 injection, flue gas injection and Water Altering Gas (WAG) with CO2 have been studied and implemented for EOR since the 1970's(5–10). Acid gas was found to be an effective EOR agent since H2S reduces the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) of CO2(11–13). By 2003, approximately 2.5 Mt CO2 and 2.0 Mt H2S have been stored in depleted oil/gas reservoirs or deep saline aquifers(14).

Experimental Investigation of Bitumen Recovery From Fractured Carbonates Using Hot Solvents

“…12 beyond the saturation point (i.e., higher temperatures) is the lowered diffusivity of the solvent used by increasing temperature. This can be considered as the revervse effect of temperature on minimum miscibility pressure for gas injection [i.e., as temperature increases, the pressure required for miscibility increases (Cronquist 1978;Trivedi et al 2007)]. …”

A review of developments in carbon dioxide storage

“…The Zama project is estimated to operate for stored, which enabled the recovery of more than 35,000 barrels of oil. The storage reservoir of the Zama oilfield, the Keg River formation saline aquifer, is of Middle Devonian, and is at a depth of approximately 1500 m. [89,313].…”

The effect of impurity on miscible CO2displacement mechanism

“…The sour gas reservoirs that are discovered all over the world are the main sources of acid gas (Abou-Sayed et al, 2004;Behrend et al, 2007;Huang et al, 2011;Onerhime et al, 2014;Mohsen-Nia et al, 1993;Verlaan and Zwet, 2012). The research on acid gas as a flooding agent of EOR has received wide interest since the 1960s (Battistelli and Marcolini, 2009;Harvey and Henry, 1960;He et al, 2019;Luo et al, 2019a, b;Siddiqui et al, 2013;Trivedi et al, 2005;Vark et al, 2004). Besides, the disposal of acid gas that is injected into the reservoir is also a concern (AlFalahy et al, 1998;Bachu and Gunter, 2005;Longworth et al, 1996).…”