Acetals as Possible Diesel Additives

Agirre, Ion; Barrio, V.L.; Güemez, M.B.; Cambra, J.F.; Arias, P.L.

doi:10.5772/24440

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Under the experimental conditions adopted, the vapors were generated by the liquid phase at T = 258 K and any reaction between the components was inhibited. The vapors were, then, conveyed directly to the sensor's surface, the temperature of which was maintained at 523 K. The sensing mechanism is mainly based on the oxidation reactions that are dominant on the sensor's surface, where, even in this case, due to the experimental conditions adopted, reactions between gas components are unlikely [33]. Indeed, the trend of the sensor's response and the stability of its working temperature confirmed the absence of side reactions due to the formation of intermediate compounds (such as acetal and hemiacetal) in the gas phase [33].…”

Section: Sensing Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The vapors were, then, conveyed directly to the sensor's surface, the temperature of which was maintained at 523 K. The sensing mechanism is mainly based on the oxidation reactions that are dominant on the sensor's surface, where, even in this case, due to the experimental conditions adopted, reactions between gas components are unlikely [33]. Indeed, the trend of the sensor's response and the stability of its working temperature confirmed the absence of side reactions due to the formation of intermediate compounds (such as acetal and hemiacetal) in the gas phase [33]. However, with respect to pure substances, different signals were registered when the binary and ternary mixtures were considered.…”

Section: Sensing Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Competitive Detection of Volatile Compounds from Food Degradation by a Zinc Oxide Sensor

et al. 2022

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During the phenomenon of food degradation, several volatile organic compounds are generally released. In particular, due to lipid oxidation in stored and packed meat, hexanal is formed as a typical decomposition product. Therefore, its detection can provide an important indication of the quality and conservation of meat. Unfortunately, the simultaneous release of other compounds, such as 1-pentanol and 1-octen-3-ol, during the first phase of the degradation process can have an undesirable effect on the detection of hexanal. In this work, a metal oxide (MOX) sensor based on zinc oxide (ZnO) was prepared and tested for possible use in the monitoring of low concentrations of hexanal. The sensor was expected to detect the target volatile with minimum interference from all the others, when released all at the same time. For this purpose, the ZnO sensor was exposed to both pure and different mixtures of vapors of the main competing organic compounds. Comparing the results of the mixtures to the response relating to pure hexanal, it was highlighted that the presence of 1-pentanol and 1-octen-3-ol decreases the response of the sensor to hexanal in terms of the eR/R0 ratio, especially at low concentrations (5–10 ppm), while at 50 ppm, the sensor response was comparable with the hexanal quantity, proving that its detection was less affected at higher concentrations.

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Section: Sensing Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sensing Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Competitive Detection of Volatile Compounds from Food Degradation by a Zinc Oxide Sensor

et al. 2022

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“…Acetals obtained from the glycerol have been the most promising bio-additive fuel, 89 fuel additive. 50 The additives, in this case, are easy to produce at a larger scale. The catalyst psulfonic acid calix[4]arene supported by silica (CX4SO3HSi(n)) and can be used in presence of microwave-assisted heating (Figure 6).…”

Section: Catalysts Used In the Synthesis Of Acetalmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Concise Review on Synthesis of Acetal and Recent Advances

Firke¹

2022

YMER

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Desktop NMR spectroscopy for real-time monitoring of an acetalization reaction in comparison with gas chromatography and NMR at 9.4 T

2017

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Monitoring of chemical reactions in real-time is in demand for process control. Different methods such as gas chromatography (GC), mass spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) are used for that purpose. The current state-of-the-art compact NMR systems provide a useful method to employ with various reaction conditions for studying chemical reactions inside the fume hood at the chemical workplace. In the present study, an acetalization reaction was investigated with compact NMR spectroscopy in real-time. Acetalization is used for multistep synthesis of the variety of organic compounds to protect particular chemical groups. A compact 1 T NMR spectrometer with a permanent magnet was employed to monitor the acid catalyzed acetalization of the p-nitrobenzaldehyde with ethylene glycol. The concentrations of both reactant and product were followed by peak integrals in single-scan H NMR spectra as a function of time. The reaction conditions were varied in terms of temperature, agitation speed, catalyst loading, and feed concentrations in order to determine the activation energy with the help of a pseudo-homogeneous kinetic model. For low molar ratios of aldehyde and glycol, the equilibrium conversions were lower than for the stoichiometric ratio. Increasing catalyst concentration leads to faster conversion. The data obtained with low-field NMR spectroscopy were compared with data from GC and NMR spectroscopy at 9.4 T acquired in batch mode by extracting samples at regular time intervals. The reaction kinetics followed by either method agreed well. The activation energies for forward and backward reactions were determined by real-time monitoring with compact NMR at 1 T were 48 ± 5 and 60 ± 4 kJ/mol, respectively. The activation energies obtained with gas chromatography for forward and backward reactions were 48 ± 4 and 51 ± 4 kJ/mol. The equilibrium constant decreases with increasing temperature as expected for an exothermic reaction. The impact of dense sampling with online NMR and sparse sampling with GC was observed on the kinetic outcome using the same kinetic model. Graphical abstract Acetalization reaction kinetics were monitored with real-time desktop NMR spectroscopy at 1 T. Each data point was obtained at regular intervals with a single shot in 15 s. The kinetics was compared with sparsely sampled data obtained with GC and NMR at 9.4 T.

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Acetals as Possible Diesel Additives

Cited by 7 publications

References 59 publications

Competitive Detection of Volatile Compounds from Food Degradation by a Zinc Oxide Sensor

Competitive Detection of Volatile Compounds from Food Degradation by a Zinc Oxide Sensor

A Concise Review on Synthesis of Acetal and Recent Advances

Desktop NMR spectroscopy for real-time monitoring of an acetalization reaction in comparison with gas chromatography and NMR at 9.4 T

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