Accurate measurements of and corrections for nonlinearities in radiometers

Abstract

The methods desc ribed in the lite rature for acc urately meas urin g photocell linea rity are surveyed and assessed. The effect of not meas uring photocell linearity under th e condition s used in the final appa ratu s are cons idered. So me of the conditions necessa ry for accurate assess ment of the non· lin earity under working conditions are specifi ed. The use of the NRC " Photocell Lin earit y Teste r" to meas ure and correct for the nonlinea rity of various receiv ers is desc ribed.

Determination of uncertainties for emissivity measurements in the temperature range [200°C - 900°C]

“…the ratio of Signals. The linearity of the spectroradiometer has been experimentally controlled using the nux addition method [2] . The spectroradiometer can be considered linear with a relative uncertainty lower than ± 0.4% for signals increasing in the ratio of 1 to 30.…”

“…The final uncertainty is calculated using model (2), by combination of the uncertainties of parameters used for the calculation and the uncertainties on assumptions. The maximum final uncertainties for a thermal conductivity of specimen above 20 W/m.K are tabulated in table 2.…”

Wire-bond electrical connections :

“…Many approaches to the determination of detector linearity have been used; they were reviewed recently by Sanders [14] . The various techniques provide differing combinations of accuracy, convenience, and freedom from interactions with the other parameters: directional, spectral, temporal, and polarization dependence.…”

“…[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] [thermocompression] 64D1, 64H2, 65B1, 65C2, 67A1, 67G1, 67H1, 67SU, 68D2, 68F1, 68P1, 68R1, 69A1, 69K4, 69S1, 70A1, 70B1, 70H2, 71B3, 71H2, 71S1 US [ultrasonic] 59J1, 60J1, 61J1, 62J1, 64C2, 6WL, 66R1, 67P2, 67R1, 67R2, 68D2, 68F1, 68R1, 69B6, 69B7, 69K1, 69K4, 69P1, 70A1, 70B2, 70D2 57A2, 58C1, 61A1, 62M1, 63M1, 63P1, 63W1, 64A1, 64D1, 64H1, 64H2, 64J1, 64M1, 65B1, 65C1, 65C5, 65H1, 65H2, 65R1, 65S1, 65S3, 66A1, 66A2, 66B1, 66B3, 66B4, 66B6, 66C1, 66E1, 66G2, 66H1, 66K3, 66L1, 67A2, 67B2, 67C1, 67H1, 67K1, 67P1, 67R4, 67S1, 67S5, 68A2, 68A3, 68B1, 68D1, 68G1, 68H3, 68H5, 68J1, 68K1, 68M1, 68M2, 68M3, 68P1, 68R2, 68T2, 69A2, 69B3, 69G2, 6902, 69S1, 69S2, 69S5, 69T2, 70A2, 70DU, 71B2, 71M1, 71P1, 71R1 65B1, 66R1, 67R1, 67R2, 69A1, 69B7 , 69K1 , 69P1, 70D2, 71G1 US [ultrasonic] 59A1, 59J1, 59W1, 60J1, 60J2, 60W1, 61D1, 61J1, 62P1, 63W1, 64D2, 65D1, 65J1, 65N1, 66B1, 66B6, 66E1, 66H1 , 66L3, 66R1, 67B2, 67H2, 67J1, 67L1, 67P1, 67R1, 67R2, 67S1, 67T1, 68B1, 68D1, 68H3, 68K1, 68M1, 68M2, 13 4B Subject Area Key Word Listing (continued) FABRICATION 68S1, 68T2, 68U1, 68U2, 68U3, 68U4, 68U5, 69B2, 69B3, 69B5, 69B6, 69K1, 69K3, 69L2, 6902, 69P1, 69 Si, 69S2, 69S5, 69T2, 69U1, 69U2, 70B2, 70B3, 70B5, 70B6, 70B7, 70B8, 70C1, 70D2, 70D4, 70P1, 70W1, 71B1, 71B2, 71B4, Au [gold] 57A1 , 57A2, 58C1, 61A1, 62M1, 63M1, 63W1, 64A1, 64C1, 64H1, 64H2 , 64M1, 65B1, 65C5, 65D1, 65H1, 65H2, 65R1, 66A1, 66B3, 66B4, 66C1 , 66G2, 66L1, 67B2, 67C1, 67H1, 67K1, 67P1, 67S1, 67T1, 68A3, 68H3, 68K1, 68M2, 68M3, 68R2, 68S1, 68T2, 68U1, 69A2, 69B3, 69P1, 69S1, 69S2, 69S3, 69U1, 70A2 Al [aluminum] 62M1 , 63M1, 63W1, 64D1, 64H1, 64H2, 64M1, 64S1, 65B1, 65C5, 65H1, 65H2, 65R1, 65R2, 65S1, 66A1, 66B3, 66B4...…”

“…[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] where they are ordered by subject: test, fabrication, and degradation. With each key word in Section 4B is a tabulation of literature citations (using their identification codes).…”