Accurate differential stress measurement using the molten salt cell and solid salt assemblies in the Griggs apparatus with applications to strength, piezometers and rheology

Holyoke, C. W.; Kronenberg, A. K.

doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2010.08.001

Cited by 137 publications

(148 citation statements)

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“…1). Due to the inherent uncertainty of the friction corrections in solid-media apparatus (e.g., Rybacki et al, 1998;Holyoke and Kronenberg, 2010) it is possible that the curves indicating softening do not all reflect actual material behaviour. Yet, the cases for which stress decreases prominently with increasing strain (Fig.…”

Section: Results -Mechanical Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental deformation and recrystallization of olivine – processes and timescales of damage healing during postseismic relaxation at mantle depths

Trepmann¹,

Renner

Druiventak

2013

Solid Earth

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Abstract. Experiments comprising sequences of deformation (at 300 or 600 • C) and annealing at varying temperature (700 to 1100 • C), time (up to 144 h) and stress (up to 1.5 GPa) were carried out in a Griggs-type apparatus on natural olivine-rich peridotite samples to simulate deformation and recrystallization processes in deep shear zones that reach mantle depth as continuations of seismically active faults. The resulting olivine microfabrics were analysed by polarization and electron microscopy (SEM/EBSD, TEM). Core-and-mantle-like microstructures are the predominant result of our experiments simulating rapid stress relaxation (without or with minor creep) after a high-stress deformation event: porphyroclasts (> 100 µm) are surrounded by new grains comprising fragments and recrystallized grains with a wide range in size (2 to 40 µm). Areas with small grains (≤ 10 µm) trace former high-strain zones generated during initial high-stress deformation even after annealing at a temperature of 1100 • C for 70 h. A weak crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) of new olivine grains is related to the orientation of the original host crystals but appears unrelated to the strain field. Based on these findings, we propose that olivine microstructures in natural shear-zone peridotites with a large range in grain size, localized fine-grained zones, and a weak CPO not related to the strain field are diagnostic for a sequence of high-stress deformation followed by recrystallization at low stresses, as to be expected in areas of seismic activity. We extended the classic Avrami-kinetics equation by accounting for time-dependent growth kinetics and constrained the involved parameters relying on our results and previous studies devoted to the kinetics of defect processes in olivine. Extrapolation to natural conditions suggests that the observed characteristic microstructure may develop within as little as tens of years and less than ten thousands of years. These recrystallization microstructures have a great diagnostic potential for past seismic activity because they are expected to be stable over geological timescales, since driving forces for further modification are not sufficient to erase the characteristic heterogeneities.

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Section: Results -Mechanical Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental deformation and recrystallization of olivine – processes and timescales of damage healing during postseismic relaxation at mantle depths

Trepmann¹,

Renner

Druiventak

2013

Solid Earth

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“…8) modified by the stress correction of Holyoke and Kronenberg (2010). In contrast, quartz recrystallized grain sizes for MCT mylonites on the NW Sutlej transect of 60-35 µm at 75 m above the thrust to 95-75 µm at 750-200 m above the thrust indicate lower differential stresses of 19-30 and 13-16 MPa, respectively, extrapolating the Stipp et al (2006) grain size piezometer, adjusted by the same stress correction (Francsis, 2012;Law et al, 2013).…”

Section: Selected Quartz Mylonitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synchrotron FTIR imaging of OH in quartz mylonites

et al. 2017

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Abstract. Previous measurements of water in deformed quartzites using conventional Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) instruments have shown that water contents of larger grains vary from one grain to another. However, the non-equilibrium variations in water content between neighboring grains and within quartz grains cannot be interrogated further without greater measurement resolution, nor can water contents be measured in finely recrystallized grains without including absorption bands due to fluid inclusions, films, and secondary minerals at grain boundaries.Synchrotron infrared (IR) radiation coupled to a FTIR spectrometer has allowed us to distinguish and measure OH bands due to fluid inclusions, hydrogen point defects, and secondary hydrous mineral inclusions through an aperture of 10 µm for specimens > 40 µm thick. Doubly polished infrared (IR) plates can be prepared with thicknesses down to 4-8 µm, but measurement of small OH bands is currently limited by strong interference fringes for samples < 25 µm thick, precluding measurements of water within individual, finely recrystallized grains. By translating specimens under the 10 µm IR beam by steps of 10 to 50 µm, using a software-controlled x − y stage, spectra have been collected over specimen areas of nearly 4.5 mm 2 . This technique allowed us to separate and quantify broad OH bands due to fluid inclusions in quartz and OH bands due to micas and map their distributions in quartzites from the Moine Thrust (Scotland) and Main Central Thrust (Himalayas).Mylonitic quartzites deformed under greenschist facies conditions in the footwall to the Moine Thrust (MT) exhibit a large and variable 3400 cm −1 OH absorption band due to molecular water, and maps of water content corresponding to fluid inclusions show that inclusion densities correlate with deformation and recrystallization microstructures. Quartz grains of mylonitic orthogneisses and paragneisses deformed under amphibolite conditions in the hanging wall to the Main Central Thrust (MCT) exhibit smaller broad OH bands, and spectra are dominated by sharp bands at 3595 to 3379 cm −1 due to hydrogen point defects that appear to have uniform, equilibrium concentrations in the driest samples. The broad OH band at 3400 cm −1 in these rocks is much less common. The variable water concentrations of MT quartzites and lack of detectable water in highly sheared MCT mylonites challenge our understanding of quartz rheology. However, where water absorption bands can be detected and compared with deformation microstructures, OH concentration maps provide information on the histories of deformation and recovery, evidence for the introduction and loss of fluid inclusions, and water weakening processes.

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“…Such investigations allow assessment of the sense of shear recorded by the different populations and the slip systems active during fabric formation. Moreover, the different grain-size populations lend themselves to paleopiezometric investigation through the application of the Stipp and Tullis (2003) paleopiezometer as modified by Holyoke and Kronenberg (2010). These paleopiezometric estimates, in turn, can be combined with derived deformation temperatures to estimate strain rates.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microscale strain partitioning? Differential quartz crystallographic fabric development in Phyllite, Hindu Kush, Northwestern Pakistan

Larson

Faisal

2014

Solid Earth

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Abstract. Spatially referenced quartz c axis fabrics demonstrate the preservation of multiple, distinct fabrics in a specimen collected from northwestern Pakistan. The overall fabric yielded by the specimen is dominated by a single population of quartz grains, while the fabric signatures of two other unique, spatially distinct populations are overwhelmed. It is these minor fabrics, however, that provide information on temperature of deformation (403 ± 50 • C), differential stress (8.6 + 2.6/−1.5 MPa to 15.0 +3.8/−2.5 MPa), strain rate (10 −16 s −1 to 10 −15 s −1 ), and strain partitioning recorded by the specimen.

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Accurate differential stress measurement using the molten salt cell and solid salt assemblies in the Griggs apparatus with applications to strength, piezometers and rheology

Cited by 137 publications

References 43 publications

Experimental deformation and recrystallization of olivine – processes and timescales of damage healing during postseismic relaxation at mantle depths

Experimental deformation and recrystallization of olivine – processes and timescales of damage healing during postseismic relaxation at mantle depths

Synchrotron FTIR imaging of OH in quartz mylonites

Microscale strain partitioning? Differential quartz crystallographic fabric development in Phyllite, Hindu Kush, Northwestern Pakistan

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