Accuracy of 3-dimensional stereophotogrammetry: Comparison of the 3dMD and Bellus3D facial scanning systems with one another and with direct anthropometry

Liu, Jialing; Zhang, Chenghao; Cai, Ruilie; Yang, Yao; Liao, Wen

doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2021.04.020

Cited by 22 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Table 2 shows the risk of bias and application concerns according to the QUADAS-2 guidelines. Among 23 articles [ 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 ], 14 papers showed an overall low risk of bias [ 40 , 41 , 43 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 53 , 56 , 59 , 60 , 61 ], 3 articles had unclear risk of bias [ 39 , 44 , 52 , 57 ] and 4 articles displayed a high risk of bias [ 42 , 54 , 55 , 58 ]. Concerning applicability concerns, all articles showed an overall low level of concern, however, the domain “index test” showed more frequently an unclear concern because some papers did not sufficiently describe the scanning procedures and the used devices [ 40 ,…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Concerning applicability concerns, all articles showed an overall low level of concern, however, the domain “index test” showed more frequently an unclear concern because some papers did not sufficiently describe the scanning procedures and the used devices [ 40 , 46 , 55 ]. Regarding the quality assessment, the domain “patient selection” showed the highest risk of bias because of the exclusion of maxillofacial abnormalities [ 42 , 45 , 54 , 55 , 58 ] (this may result in overestimation of diagnostic accuracy [ 38 ]), the small number of participants [ 40 , 41 , 46 , 51 , 52 ] and the unclear method of random sampling [ 40 , 51 , 57 ]. Weighted bar chart for the risk of bias and application concerns of the selected studies is shown in Figure 2 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the 23 studies, 17 involved adult volunteers [ 39 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 ] (the range of the number of participants was 5–80). The other 6 studies were conducted on impression casts of the face [ 41 , 46 , 51 ], mannequin heads [ 40 , 52 ], and human cadaver heads [ 47 ]. However, 2 studies [ 48 , 49 ] included both volunteers and mannequin heads.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Facial Scanning Accuracy with Stereophotogrammetry and Smartphone Technology in Children: A Systematic Review

et al. 2022

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The aim of the study was to systematically review and compare the accuracy of smartphone scanners versus stereophotogrammetry technology for facial digitization in children. A systematic literature search strategy of articles published from 1 January 2010 to 30 August 2022 was adopted through a combination of Mesh terms and free text words pooled through boolean operators on the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, LILACS, and OpenGrey. Twenty-three articles met the inclusion criteria. Stationary stereophotogrammetry devices showed a mean accuracy that ranged from 0.087 to 0.860 mm, portable stereophotogrammetry scanners from 0.150 to 0.849 mm, and smartphones from 0.460 to 1.400 mm. Regarding the risk of bias assessment, fourteen papers showed an overall low risk, three articles had unclear risk and four articles had high risk. Although smartphones showed less performance on deep and irregular surfaces, all the analyzed devices were sufficiently accurate for clinical application. Internal depth-sensing cameras or external infrared structured-light depth-sensing cameras plugged into smartphones/tablets increased the accuracy. These devices are portable and inexpensive but require greater operator experience and patient compliance for the incremented time of acquisition. Stationary stereophotogrammetry is the gold standard for greater accuracy and shorter acquisition time, avoiding motion artifacts.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Facial Scanning Accuracy with Stereophotogrammetry and Smartphone Technology in Children: A Systematic Review

et al. 2022

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“…Recent research has indicated that the Bellus3D application compared well with more expensive devices for face scanning in terms of accuracy [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. Although the Bellus3D application has been made unavailable for download since 1 December 2021, several other systems are currently available for 3D face scanning [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D Printed Customized Facemask for Maxillary Protraction in the Early Treatment of a Class III Malocclusion: Proof-of-Concept Clinical Case

et al. 2022

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In order to improve fit and comfort, a maxillary protraction facemask customized to the patient’s anatomy was produced by means of 3D face scanning, digital design and additive manufacturing. An 8-year-old patient in need of early treatment for the Class III malocclusion received a rapid palatal expander and a Petit-type facemask, whose components were digitally designed on a 3D scan of the patient’s face. For face scanning, the iPad Pro 2018 tablet (Apple, Cupertino, CA, USA) with the Bellus3D DentalPro application (Bellus3D, Campbell, CA, USA) was used. Facemask components were modelled with 3D Blender software. The rests were 3D printed in BioMed Clear biocompatible resin (Formlabs, Somerville, MA, USA), and the bar in stainless steel. For greater comfort, the internal surface of the rests was lined with a polymer gel pad (Silipos, Niagara Falls, NY, USA). The manufacturing procedure of the customized facemask is patented. The patient wore the facemask at night for a period of 9 months. The patient’s experience was evaluated with a questionnaire at 1 week, 3, 6, and 10 months of treatment. The customized facemask was well accepted by the patient and obtained the expected treatment outcome. Furthermore, 3D face scanning, 3D modelling and 3D printing allow for the manufacturing of customized facemasks with improved fit and comfort, favoring patient compliance and treatment success.

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“…Subsequently, we determined that structured light scanning cameras using a proprietary camera, Bellus 3D™ camera (Bellus 3D, Campbell, CA) was very suitable. The accuracy of the Bellus camera is < 0.5 mm [ 23 ]. Later, we use either the iPhone X (Apple, Cupertino, CA) using built-in TrueDepth™ infrared camera and Bellus 3D Face App, or Heges 3D Scanner (Marek Šimoník, Opava, Czech Republic), an iPhone application.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Workflow to develop 3D designed personalized neonatal CPAP masks using iPhone structured light facial scanning

Kamath

Ekici

et al. 2022

3D Print Med

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Background Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is a common mode of respiratory support used in neonatal intensive care units. In preterm infants, nasal CPAP (nCPAP) therapy is often delivered via soft, biocompatible nasal mask suitable for long-term direct skin contact and held firmly against the face. Limited sizes of nCPAP mask contribute to mal-fitting related complications and adverse outcomes in this fragile population. We hypothesized that custom-fit nCPAP masks will improve the fit with less skin pressure and strap tension improving efficacy and reducing complications associated with nCPAP therapy in neonates. Methods After IRB approval and informed consent, we evaluated several methods to develop 3D facial models to test custom 3D nCPAP masks. These methods included camera-based photogrammetry, laser scanning and structured light scanning using a Bellus3D Face Camera Pro and iPhone X running either Bellus3D FaceApp for iPhone, or Heges application. This data was used to provide accurate 3D neonatal facial models. Using CAD software nCPAP inserts were designed to be placed between proprietary nCPAP mask and the model infant’s face. The resulted 3D designed nCPAP mask was form fitted to the model face. Subsequently, nCPAP masks were connected to a ventilator to provide CPAP and calibrated pressure sensors and co-linear tension sensors were placed to measures skin pressure and nCPAP mask strap tension. Results Photogrammetry and laser scanning were not suited to the neonatal face. However, structured light scanning techniques produced accurate 3D neonatal facial models. Individualized nCPAP mask inserts manufactured using 3D printed molds and silicon injection were effective at decreasing surface pressure and mask strap pressure in some cases by more than 50% compared to CPAP masks without inserts. Conclusions We found that readily available structured light scanning devices such as the iPhone X are a low cost, safe, rapid, and accurate tool to develop accurate models of preterm infant facial topography. Structured light scanning developed 3D nCPAP inserts applied to commercially available CPAP masks significantly reduced skin pressure and strap tension at clinically relevant CPAP pressures when utilized on model neonatal faces. This workflow maybe useful at producing individualized nCPAP masks for neonates reducing complications due to misfit.

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Accuracy of 3-dimensional stereophotogrammetry: Comparison of the 3dMD and Bellus3D facial scanning systems with one another and with direct anthropometry

Cited by 22 publications

References 25 publications

Facial Scanning Accuracy with Stereophotogrammetry and Smartphone Technology in Children: A Systematic Review

Facial Scanning Accuracy with Stereophotogrammetry and Smartphone Technology in Children: A Systematic Review

3D Printed Customized Facemask for Maxillary Protraction in the Early Treatment of a Class III Malocclusion: Proof-of-Concept Clinical Case

Workflow to develop 3D designed personalized neonatal CPAP masks using iPhone structured light facial scanning

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