“…As noted by Malofeeva (2018), the discretionary accruals detect the opportunistic behavior of management in smoothing earnings. The GAAP provides a wider discretion for managers in the amount of earnings managed through the use of discretionary accruals (Choi, Mao, & Upadhyay, 2015;Dechow, Sloan, & Sweeney, 1995;Irani & Oesch, 2016;Lo, Ramos, & Rogo, 2017;Malofeeva, 2018;Nouri & Abaoub, 2014). Discretionary accruals are not a mandatory fragment of the operating activities of firms, but they represent a measure of the direction (increase or decrease) in earnings managed due to the application of professional judgments by managers.…”