Accidents and child abuse in bathtub submersions.

Kemp, Alison; Mott, Alison; Sibert, Jonathan Richard

doi:10.1136/adc.70.5.435

Cited by 46 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(1 reference statement)

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“…Educational efforts must reinforce the need for continuous adult supervision of infants and children around all bodies of water. 17,19 If possible, the telephone should be brought into the bathroom and all necessary bathing items (soap, washcloths, towels, etc) should be assembled before placing the infant in the tub. Parents and care givers should be trained in basic CPR techniques, as the sooner that CPR is initiated, the greater the chance of intact survival.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies indicate that there is usually a history of leaving the infant unattended or in the care of another child. [15][16][17][18][19] In most cases, the adult reports leaving the child, for a short time, to answer the phone or attend to household chores. 18,19 In some instances, the drowning appears to be due to homicide or abuse.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[15][16][17][18][19] In most cases, the adult reports leaving the child, for a short time, to answer the phone or attend to household chores. 18,19 In some instances, the drowning appears to be due to homicide or abuse. 19 -22 Although no deaths in this case series were classified as homicide and only 3 were classified as undetermined intent, it is possible that 1 or more of the cases may have been intentional.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Role of Bathtub Seats and Rings in Infant Drowning Deaths

1997

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ABSTRACT. Objective. To describe deaths due to drowning that involve the use of an infant bathtub seat or ring.Design. Case series, cases reported to the US Consumer Product Safety Commission data systems.Setting. United States, 1983-1995. Main Outcome Measures. Death in which an infant bathtub seat or ring was in use at the time of death and the primary cause of death was drowning.Results. Thirty-two drowning deaths involving bath seats/rings were identified and investigated by the Consumer Product Safety Commission over a 13-year period. The majority of deaths (84%) occurred from 1991-1995, with more than 50% occurring in the 2 most recent years. The victims' ages at the time of the incident ranged from 5 to 15 months with a mean and median age of 8 months. In more than 90% of incidents there was a reported lapse in adult supervision, with a mean reported lapse of 6 minutes and a median lapse of 4 minutes. Focus groups with parents found that while making bathing somewhat easier, bath seats/rings are useful for a relatively short time period, as the child rapidly outgrows the product. They also suggested that care givers are more likely to leave a child unattended in the tub if one of these products is in use.Conclusion. Bath seats/rings are associated with an increasing number of reported infant drowning deaths. The use of such products may increase the risk of drowning among infants by increasing the likelihood that an infant will be left alone in the tub. However, in the absence of exposure data in a suitable comparison group it is difficult to assess the overall risk inherent in their use. Educational efforts reinforcing the need for continuous adult supervision of infants and children around all bodies of water should now also include a reminder that bath seats/rings are not safety items and are not a substitute for adult supervision. Infants and toddlers should never be left in the bathtub unsupervised, even for brief moments. Pediatrics 1997;100(4). URL: http://www. pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/100/4/e1; drowning, submersion, infant, bathtub.ABBREVIATIONS. US, United States; CPSC, Consumer Product Safety Commission; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation. D rowning is the third leading cause of unintentional-injury death among children in the United States. 1 Young children under the age of 5 are at particularly increased risk of drowning, with drowning rates peaking among children ages 1 to 2 years. [2][3][4][5] Since the 1970s drowning rates have decreased markedly in most age groups with the exception of toddlers, where rates have remained fairly stable, and infants, where rates may have actually increased. 5 For the 12-year period from 1983-1994, 1219 infants drowned (2.60/100 000 infants), of which 1036 (85%) were coded as unintentional intent. 6 In contrast to toddlers, who are likely to drown in residential swimming pools, 3,7-9 more than 50% of unintentional infant drowning deaths occur in the bathtub. 6 As part of our ongoing investigation of infant and toddler drownings, we became aware of a nu...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Role of Bathtub Seats and Rings in Infant Drowning Deaths

1997

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“…A limitation of much of the contemporary aquatic literature, however, is the use of retrospective study designs to understand the circumstances and contributing factors in child drownings, particularly identifying the role of supervision (Bugeja & Franklin, 2005;Byard, Koning, Blackbourne, Nadeau, & Krous, 2001; Kemp, Mott, & Sibert, 1994). It is encouraging to realize that more recent studies have used prospective study designs and unobtrusively investigated the level of caregiver supervision when children are engaged in active beach play (Moran, 2009(Moran, , 2010Petrass, Blitvich, & Finch, 2011b).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A study of bathtub submersions indicated that up to 80% of children involved in bathtub submersions were supervised by a sibling or left unsupervised (Kemp et al, 1994). In aquatic environments, caregivers with many children of different ages or diverse swimming ability could encounter supervision and control problems.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%