Access to community pharmacies: A nationwide geographic information systems cross-sectional analysis

Berenbrok, Lucas A.; Tang, Shangbin; Gabriel, Nico; Guo, Jingchuan; Sharareh, Nasser; Patel, Nimish; Dickson, Sean; Hernandez, Inmaculada

doi:10.1016/j.japh.2022.07.003

Cited by 110 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Given that about 96% of the US population resides within 10 miles of a community pharmacy as well as that community pharmacies often have extended hours beyond most physician office-based practices and offer various over-the-counter products without a prescription, many patients find community pharmacies to be a highly accessible health care destination. 16 In addition to being highly accessible, pharmacists are highly trained and trusted. A doctorate degree (PharmD) has been the standard and sole degree for new pharmacy graduates for nearly 20 years, with some pharmacists pursuing additional postdoctoral training in the form of residencies or fellowships.…”

Section: Pharmacists' Servicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Community pharmacists are likely best known for their work in medication distribution and ease of access. Given that about 96% of the US population resides within 10 miles of a community pharmacy as well as that community pharmacies often have extended hours beyond most physician office‐based practices and offer various over‐the‐counter products without a prescription, many patients find community pharmacies to be a highly accessible health care destination 16 . In addition to being highly accessible, pharmacists are highly trained and trusted.…”

Section: Pharmacists' Servicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Promising practices and pockets of excellence: Community pharmacists supporting wellness for reproductive‐age women

Mager

Bright

2022

Health Services Research

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Section: Pharmacists' Servicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pharmacists' Servicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Promising practices and pockets of excellence: Community pharmacists supporting wellness for reproductive‐age women

Mager

Bright

2022

Health Services Research

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“…Community pharmacies are well positioned to provide harm reduction services to all community members, along with more targeted services to individuals at risk of overdose. Almost 9 in 10 Americans live within 5 miles of a community pharmacy [ 22 ], meaning pharmacists are among the most accessible health care professionals [ 23 ]. Among some populations (eg, Medicare beneficiaries), it has been shown that pharmacists interact with patients more often than their primary care physicians [ 24 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The PharmNet Harm Reduction Intervention for Community Pharmacies: Protocol for a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

et al. 2022

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Background The overdose epidemic in the United States has continued to worsen despite substantial efforts to mitigate its harms. The opioid antagonist naloxone has been identified as a key means of reducing the prevalence of fatal overdoses. An important evidence-based approach to optimizing naloxone’s impact is to seed it throughout the community, because bystanders are often able to reverse overdoses more quickly than first responders and sometimes are the only possible means of overdose reversal. As part of a multipronged approach to distributing naloxone nationwide, community pharmacies have been identified as ideal venues for naloxone dispensing, especially under standing orders. However, dispensing rates remain surprisingly low, and there is a need to understand how best to engage community pharmacies in naloxone-based harm reduction services. Objective The objective of this trial is to determine whether a tailored, pragmatic pharmacy intervention (PharmNet) results in greater naloxone dispensing relative to baseline (the prior 3 months) compared to a control condition. This pilot trial is intended to determine whether it is appropriate to invest the substantial resources that would be required to conduct a full-scale, randomized controlled study of PharmNet. Methods We will conduct a 3-month randomized controlled pilot trial consisting of 2 parallel groups with a 4:3 allocation ratio. A group of 7 independent pharmacies from rural areas in Indiana will be randomly assigned to either the PharmNet intervention arm (n=4) or the control arm (n=3). The primary outcome will be overall naloxone dispensing (both at cost and free), and secondary outcomes will include the distribution of referral cards and multiple variables at the level of individual staff members. Dispensing data will be collected for the 3 months prior to the intervention and the 3 months of the intervention, and all other data will be collected using a pretest-posttest design. The primary analysis will be a generalized linear mixed model with a Poisson distribution with fixed effects for group, time, and their interaction and a random effect for pharmacy ID to account for repeated measures within pharmacies. Results This study was approved by the Indiana University institutional review board in 2 phases (August 2, 2021, and April 26, 2022) and was funded by the Indiana University Grand Challenge: Responding to the Addictions Crisis. Conclusions If this study produces evidence that the PharmNet intervention results in increased naloxone dispensing relative to control pharmacies, it will be both appropriate and important to study it in a large, full-scale randomized controlled trial. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/42373

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“…For these reasons, the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD) has prioritized solutions to improving hearing health care to meet this urgent public health problem [ 8 ]. Offering hearing healthcare in community pharmacies is an opportunity to address this concern given that nearly 90% of Americans live within 5 miles of a pharmacy [ 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

National Survey of Pharmacist Awareness, Interest, and Readiness for Over-the-Counter Hearing Aids

et al. 2022

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Hearing loss is a major public health concern, affecting over 30 million Americans. Few adults who could benefit from hearing aids use them. Hearing aids are now available over-the-counter (OTC) for persons with perceived mild-to-moderate hearing loss. Community pharmacies will sell OTC hearing aids to increase public access to hearing healthcare. The purpose of this study was to describe pharmacist awareness, interest, and readiness to offer OTC hearing aids at community pharmacies. A multiple-item online survey was designed using the Theory of Planned Behavior and responses were collected from licensed pharmacists from July 2021 to December 2021. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the 97 responses collected. Most respondents were not aware of the upcoming OTC hearing aid availability. Most respondents were somewhat or very interested in increasing their knowledge on OTC hearing aids, selling OTC hearing aids, and assisting patients with OTC hearing aid selection. Most respondents disagreed or strongly disagreed that they had the necessary knowledge to counsel patients on OTC hearing aids. The most reported supporting factor was training and educational resources. OTC hearing aids are a unique public health initiative which will expand patient access to hearing health care to community pharmacies.

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Access to community pharmacies: A nationwide geographic information systems cross-sectional analysis

Cited by 110 publications

References 12 publications

Promising practices and pockets of excellence: Community pharmacists supporting wellness for reproductive‐age women

Promising practices and pockets of excellence: Community pharmacists supporting wellness for reproductive‐age women

The PharmNet Harm Reduction Intervention for Community Pharmacies: Protocol for a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

National Survey of Pharmacist Awareness, Interest, and Readiness for Over-the-Counter Hearing Aids

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