Accelerated White Etch Cracking (WEC) FE8 type tests of different bearing steels using ceramic rollers

Danielsen, Hilmar Kjartansson; Guzmán, Francisco Gutiérrez; Fæster, Søren; Shirani, Mehdi; Rasmussen, Birgitte Buur; Linzmayer, Martin; Jacobs, Georg

doi:10.1016/j.wear.2021.204230

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Table A1. Summary of the FE8 parameters of 30 studies [5][6][7][8][9][17][18][19]24,25,[27][28][29][30]32,34,[56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69]: (1) 31 load settings (1 study with 4 settings); (2) 33 speed settings (2 studies with 2 settings), 2 studies conducted a running-in phase, the final value (750 rpm) was used for the calculation; (3) 32 Temperature settings (4 studies with 2 settings); (4) 18 settings (3 studies with 2 settings), artificial surface smoothening/roughening in some studies led to a big variance; (5) 2 studies expressed the viscosity as SAE 80, and the mean viscosity of this SAE-class (9.8 mm 2 /s) was set in these cases; (6) 17 settings (3 studies with 2 settings). The authors extended a summary initially presented by [58] to include additional parameters such as location of WEC analysis and cage material.…”

Section: Conflicts Of Interestmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Peripheral Components in Test Rig Creation of White Etching Cracks

Wranik,

Holweger,

Wang

2024

Lubricants

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White Etching Cracks (WEC) have become a subject of extensive research in material science, chemistry and lubrication, and even operational mathematics by AI learning. Initially reported in the 1960s and considered an exotic anomaly, the failures gained importance with the global rise of wind energy power and the automotive industry. Unexpectedly high failure rates in various bearing applications have led to the need for a deeper understanding and prevention of WEC. It has come a long way from materials inspection, to parametrically studying WECs on test rigs, to the understanding that WEC is a stand-alone phenomenon and sparingly related to common failures in bearing technology. It has been commonly accepted that WEC drivers have multiple dimensions, e.g., material, contact mechanics, chemistry, and electricity. The impact of these factors on WEC failures is frequently studied using test rigs at the component level, such as the FE8 test rig. The FE8 has been utilized in numerous investigations due to its ability to replicate WEC failures without requiring artificial electricity or hydrogen charging by using specific lubricant chemistry and operating conditions. However, through intensive testing, it was observed in this study that a standard material in an FE8 rig component demonstrated a profound influence on WEC formation. This paper presents the details of the testing and analysis, aiming to investigate the mechanisms of interactions between the hose material and the low reference lubricant. The results demonstrate that the chemistry of the component material plays an important role in WEC formation. This finding may have significant impact in WEC studies, especially when the FE8 rig is used.

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Section: Conflicts Of Interestmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Peripheral Components in Test Rig Creation of White Etching Cracks

Wranik,

Holweger,

Wang

2024

Lubricants

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“…This section therefore addresses the lubrication of rolling bearings. In bearings, lubrication is essential for reducing frictional forces, wear rates, and heat generation [2], [3], [10]- [12].…”

Section: Lubrication Of Rolling Bearingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental design of steel bearings and ceramic bearings to find efficient energy consumption

Suhariyanto,

Mirmanto,

Arifin Khan

et al. 2023

Int. J. Ind. Optim.

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A bearing is a vital machine component that supports shafts, enabling smooth rotation and minimizing friction. The level of friction is determined by the coefficient of friction, which varies based on the bearing material. In this study, we evaluated two types of bearings: steel and ceramic, with the aim of identifying the one with the lowest frictional force and, consequently, the least input power required. To conduct a comprehensive comparison, we performed comparative tests on the Nogogeni Evo V vehicle, analyzing the energy consumption impact of both steel and ceramic bearings. The tests involved measuring the input power of each bearing type at various throttle openings, ranging from 10% to 100%. The results revealed that ceramic bearings exhibited superior energy efficiency compared to their steel counterparts. At all throttle openings, the ceramic bearings consistently demanded lower input power, indicating their higher efficiency. For instance, at 100% throttle opening, the input power for steel bearings was 17,939 watts, while ceramic bearings required only 17,290 watts, representing a 3.6% reduction. Moreover, ceramic bearings achieved higher rotation speeds, with the ceramic bearing rotating at 598 rpm, a 3.5% increase compared to the steel bearing's 577 rpm. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the implementation of ceramic bearings would significantly enhance the energy efficiency of the Mobil Nogogeni Evo V electric motor. Therefore, for improved performance and reduced energy consumption, we recommend the incorporation of ceramic bearings in the vehicle's design.

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“…Liu et al [13] proposed a finite element model to study the effect of horizontal and inclined subsurface cracks on the contact characteristics of roller bearings, and obtained the relationship between contact deformation and crack dimensions (length, depth, and angle). Danielsen et al [14] investigated the damage pattern of white etched cracks on ceramic bearings, and the test results showed that the stresses were significantly concentrated near the defect area. Li et al [15] carried out research on FCBB, and proposed a stiffness evaluation model to obtain a mapping relationship between subsurface cracking and dynamic response.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Subsurface Mesoscale Crack in Full Ceramic Ball Bearings Based on Strain Energy Theory

et al. 2023

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Subsurface mesoscale cracks exist widely in the outer ring of full ceramic ball bearings (FCBBs), which is a potential threat for the stable operation of related devices such as aero engines, food processing machinery, and artificial replacement hip joints. This paper establishes a dynamic model of subsurface mesoscale cracks in the outer ring of FCBBs based on strain energy theory, and the influence of different crack lengths on the running state is analyzed. The existence of mesoscale cracks is regarded as weakening on the stiffness coefficient, and the deterioration degree of outer ring stiffness of subsurface cracks is thereby quantified. It is found that a small wave peak appears in the vibration time-domain signal when there is a mesoscale crack on the outer ring subsurface, and the crack evolution is evaluated by the amplitude of the corresponding feature frequency. Finally, the accuracy of the model is verified by experiments. The model realizes the identification and degree evaluation of subsurface mesoscale cracks in FCBBs, and provides theoretical references for the diagnosis and status monitoring for FCBB rotor systems.

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Accelerated White Etch Cracking (WEC) FE8 type tests of different bearing steels using ceramic rollers

Cited by 6 publications

References 43 publications

The Influence of Peripheral Components in Test Rig Creation of White Etching Cracks

The Influence of Peripheral Components in Test Rig Creation of White Etching Cracks

Experimental design of steel bearings and ceramic bearings to find efficient energy consumption

Identification of Subsurface Mesoscale Crack in Full Ceramic Ball Bearings Based on Strain Energy Theory

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