Accelerated Testing of Antifouling Coatings for Use on Offshore Structures

Swain, Geoffrey

doi:10.1109/oceans.1986.1160514

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Especially in shipping industry heavy fouling results in higher fuel consumption with major environmental and economic penalties [3][4][5]. Copper-based coatings and paints are frequently used to control biofouling on ship hulls and are currently the workhorse of the coatings industry [5,6]. The release of copper from these protective coatings into the environment is substantial and reaches 1000 tons per year for a large, 65,000 Gross Registered Ton container ship that is 260 m in length [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface anchored metal-organic frameworks as stimulus responsive antifouling coatings

et al. 2013

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Surface-anchored, crystalline and oriented metal organic frameworks (SURMOFs) have huge potential for biological applications due to their well-defined and highly-porous structure. In this work we describe a MOF-based, fully autonomous system, which combines sensing, a specific response, and the release of an antimicrobial agent. The Cu-containing SURMOF, Cu-SURMOF 2, is stable in artificial seawater and shows stimulus-responsive anti-fouling properties against marine bacteria. When Cobetia marina adheres on the SURMOF, the framework’s response is lethal to the adhering microorganism. A thorough analysis reveals that this response is induced by agents secreted from the microbes after adhesion to the substrate, and includes a release of Cu ions resulting from a degradation of the SURMOF. The stimulus-responsive antifouling effect of Cu-SURMOF 2 demonstrates the first application of Cu-SURMOF 2 as autonomous system with great potential for further microbiological and cell culture applications.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface anchored metal-organic frameworks as stimulus responsive antifouling coatings

et al. 2013

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“…3 In the area of marine biofouling, low-surface-energy poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) elastomers are used commercially as "fouling release" coatings, so-called because fouling organisms adhere only weakly and are "released" under suitable hydrodynamic conditions. [4][5][6] Although macrofoulers such as barnacles are released from silicone-based elastomers under suitable water shear stress, slimes dominated by diatoms persist. 7 One of the challenges in the area of marine coatings technology is to develop a coating that will resist strong adhesion of all forms of biofouling, 8 including diatoms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the Fouling Release Properties of Hydrophobic Fluorinated and Hydrophilic PEGylated Block Copolymer Surfaces: Attachment Strength of the Diatom Navicula and the Green Alga Ulva

et al. 2006

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To understand the role of surface wettability in adhesion of cells, the attachment of two different marine algae was studied on hydrophobic and hydrophilic polymer surfaces. Adhesion of cells of the diatom Navicula and sporelings (young plants) of the green macroalga Ulva to an underwater surface is mainly by interactions between the surface and the adhesive exopolymers, which the cells secrete upon settlement and during subsequent colonization and growth. Two types of block copolymers, one with poly(ethylene glycol) side-chains and the other with liquid crystalline, fluorinated side-chains, were used to prepare the hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces, respectively. The formation of a liquid crystalline smectic phase in the latter inhibited molecular reorganization at the surface, which is generally an issue when a highly hydrophobic surface is in contact with water. The adhesion strength was assessed by the fraction of settled cells (Navicula) or biomass (Ulva) that detached from the surface in a water flow channel with a wall shear stress of 53 Pa. The two species exhibited opposite adhesion behavior on the same sets of surfaces. While Navicula cells released more easily from hydrophilic surfaces, Ulva sporelings showed higher removal from hydrophobic surfaces. This highlights the importance of differences in cell-surface interactions in determining the strength of adhesion of cells to substrates.

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“…In recent years, research has focused on the development of environmentally benign fouling-release coatings, especially low modulus, low surface energy silicone elastomers − they do not deter settlement or colonization, i.e., they are not “antifouling” . Therefore, a considerable research effort is now focused on examining the potential of a range of antifouling surface designs that reduce the initial attachment of organisms. − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Settlement of Ulva Zoospores on Patterned Fluorinated and PEGylated Monolayer Surfaces

et al. 2007

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Various designs for coatings that resist the attachment of marine organisms are based on the concept of "ambiguous" surfaces that present both hydrophobic and hydrophilic functionalities as surface domains. In order to facilitate the optimal design of such surfaces, information is needed on the scale of the domains that the settling stages of marine organisms are able to distinguish. Previous experiments showed that Ulva zoospores settle (attach) in high numbers onto fluorinated monolayers compared to PEGylated monolayers. The main aim of the present study was to determine, when zoospores of the green alga Ulva are presented with a choice of fluorinated or PEGylated surfaces, what the minimum dimensions of the two types of surface are that zoospores can detect and consequently settle on. Silicon wafers were chemically modified to produce a pattern of squares containing alternating fluorinated and PEGylated stripes of different widths on either a uniform fluorinated or PEGylated background. Each 1 cm x 1 cm square contained stripes with widths of 500, 200, 100, 50, 20, 5, or 2 microm as well as an unpatterned square with a chemistry opposite that of the background. Spores were selective in choosing where to settle, settling at higher densities on fluorinated stripes compared to PEGylated stripes. However, the magnitude of response, and the consequences for settlement on patterned areas overall, was dependent on both the width of the stripes and the chemistry of the background. The data are discussed in relation to the ability of spores to "choose" favorable sites for settlement and the implications for the development of novel antifouling coatings.

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Accelerated Testing of Antifouling Coatings for Use on Offshore Structures

Cited by 9 publications

References 8 publications

Surface anchored metal-organic frameworks as stimulus responsive antifouling coatings

Surface anchored metal-organic frameworks as stimulus responsive antifouling coatings

Comparison of the Fouling Release Properties of Hydrophobic Fluorinated and Hydrophilic PEGylated Block Copolymer Surfaces: Attachment Strength of the Diatom Navicula and the Green Alga Ulva

Settlement of Ulva Zoospores on Patterned Fluorinated and PEGylated Monolayer Surfaces

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