Accelerated Testing Method for Predicting Long-Term Properties of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Shape Memory Polymer Composites in a Low Earth Orbit Environment

Jang, Joon Hyeok; Hong, Seok Bin; Kim, Jin-Gyun; Goo, Nam Seo; Yu, Wai

doi:10.3390/polym13101628

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 59 publications

(102 reference statements)

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“…Finally, the sample was heated to 210 °C again, and it recovered its original shape without external force. In agreement with previous studies [40][41][42][43][44], the shape fixation rates of the three shape memory cycles of the SMCR-0C were 97.8%, 97.9%, and 97.1%, with an average shape fixation rate of 97.6%. Their shape recovery rates were 96.9%, 97.0%, and 99.0%, with an average shape recovery rate of 97.6%.…”

Section: Effects Of Vacuum Thermal Cycling On Shape Memory Effectsupporting

confidence: 92%

Effects of Accelerated Aging on Thermal, Mechanical and Shape Memory Properties of Cyanate-Based Shape Memory Polymer: III Vacuum Thermal Cycling

et al. 2023

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Shape memory polymers (SMPs) with intelligent deformability have shown great potential in the field of aerospace, and the research on their adaptability to space environments has far-reaching significance. Chemically cross-linked cyanate-based SMPs (SMCR) with excellent resistance to vacuum thermal cycling were obtained by adding polyethylene glycol (PEG) with linear polymer chains to the cyanate cross-linked network. The low reactivity of PEG overcame the shortcomings of high brittleness and poor deformability while endowing cyanate resin with excellent shape memory properties. The SMCR with a glass transition temperature of 205.8 °C exhibited good stability after vacuum thermal cycling. The SMCR maintained a stable morphology and chemical composition after repeated high–low temperature cycle treatments. The SMCR matrix was purified by vacuum thermal cycling, which resulted in an increase in its initial thermal decomposition temperature by 10–17 °C. The continuous vacuum high and low temperature relaxation of the vacuum thermal cycling increased the cross-linking degree of the SMCR, which improved the mechanical properties and thermodynamic properties of SMCR: the tensile strength of SMCR was increased by about 14.5%, the average elastic modulus was greater than 1.83 GPa, and the glass transition temperature increased by 5–10 °C. Furthermore, the shape memory properties of SMCR after vacuum thermal cycling treatment were well maintained due to the stable triazine ring formed by the cross-linking of cyanate resin. This revealed that our developed SMCR had good resistance to vacuum thermal cycling and thus may be a good candidate for aerospace engineering.

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Section: Effects Of Vacuum Thermal Cycling On Shape Memory Effectsupporting

confidence: 92%

Effects of Accelerated Aging on Thermal, Mechanical and Shape Memory Properties of Cyanate-Based Shape Memory Polymer: III Vacuum Thermal Cycling

et al. 2023

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“…The change in glass transition temperature was negligible in both cases compared to the ground specimens subjected to thermal cycling only [88]. Similar behavior was observed for epoxy shape-memory-polymer/CF under the exposure of sole atomic oxygen equivalent to 1.2 LEO months [118]. Thermoplastic polymers, especially crystalline polymers, also show changes in glass transition temperature [22,119].…”

Section: Glass Transition Region Of Polymersupporting

confidence: 56%

“…Thermoplastic polymers, especially crystalline polymers, also show changes in glass transition temperature [22,119]. Polymer films of polystyrene, polyvinyl toluene and polymethylmethacrylate did not show any difference in Tg after 5.8 years of space environment exposure in LDEF [118].…”

Section: Glass Transition Region Of Polymermentioning

confidence: 99%

Material Characterization Required for Designing Satellites from Fiber-Reinforced Polymers

Esha,

Hausmann

2023

J. Compos. Sci.

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This review paper discusses the effect of polymers, especially thermoplastics, in environments with low earth orbits. Space weather in terms of low earth orbits has been characterized into seven main elements, namely microgravity, residual atmosphere, high vacuum, atomic oxygen, ultraviolet and ionization radiation, solar radiation, and space debris. Each element is discussed extensively. Its effect on polymers and composite materials has also been studied. Quantification of these effects can be evaluated by understanding the mechanisms of material degradation caused by each environmental factor along with its synergetic effect. Hence, the design elements to mitigate the material degradation can be identified. Finally, a cause-and-effect diagram (Ishikawa diagram) is designed to characterize the important design elements required to investigate while choosing a material for a satellite’s structure. This will help the designers to develop experimental methodologies to test the composite material for its suitability against the space environment. Some available testing facilities will be discussed. Some potential polymers will also be suggested for further evaluation.

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“…Although model validations have mainly been performed on traditional polymers and polymer composites, many of the models considered can be applied to other classes of materials, e.g., wood, concrete, alloys, etc. Uncertainties may arise with durability modelling of novel materials that recently appeared in the composite market, e.g., biodegradable polymer composites, nanocomposites, 3D printed materials, shape-memory, functionally graded, and metamaterials [ 175 , 176 , 177 , 178 ]. Owing to the complex heterogeneous structure or “built-in” degradation or gradient properties of such materials, their mechanical performance cannot be predicted by traditional methods.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling of Environmental Ageing of Polymers and Polymer Composites—Durability Prediction Methods

et al. 2022

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Polymers and polymer composites are negatively impacted by environmental ageing, reducing their service lifetimes. The uncertainty of the material interaction with the environment compromises their superior strength and stiffness. Validation of new composite materials and structures often involves lengthy and expensive testing programs. Therefore, modelling is an affordable alternative that can partly replace extensive testing and thus reduce validation costs. Durability prediction models are often subject to conflicting requirements of versatility and minimum experimental efforts required for their validation. Based on physical observations of composite macroproperties, engineering and phenomenological models provide manageable representations of complex mechanistic models. This review offers a systematised overview of the state-of-the-art models and accelerated testing methodologies for predicting the long-term mechanical performance of polymers and polymer composites. Accelerated testing methods for predicting static, creep, and fatig ue lifetime of various polymers and polymer composites under environmental factors’ single or coupled influence are overviewed. Service lifetimes are predicted by means of degradation rate models, superposition principles, and parametrisation techniques. This review is a continuation of the authors’ work on modelling environmental ageing of polymer composites: the first part of the review covered multiscale and modular modelling methods of environmental degradation. The present work is focused on modelling engineering mechanical properties.

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Accelerated Testing Method for Predicting Long-Term Properties of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Shape Memory Polymer Composites in a Low Earth Orbit Environment

Cited by 13 publications

References 59 publications

Effects of Accelerated Aging on Thermal, Mechanical and Shape Memory Properties of Cyanate-Based Shape Memory Polymer: III Vacuum Thermal Cycling

Effects of Accelerated Aging on Thermal, Mechanical and Shape Memory Properties of Cyanate-Based Shape Memory Polymer: III Vacuum Thermal Cycling

Material Characterization Required for Designing Satellites from Fiber-Reinforced Polymers

Modelling of Environmental Ageing of Polymers and Polymer Composites—Durability Prediction Methods

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