Acaricide resistance status in Indian isolates of Hyalomma anatolicum

Abstract

The multi host tick, Hyalomma anatolicum, is the commonest Hyalomma species in India and cattle serves as the main host of this species. A study to evaluate the acaricide resistance of H. anatolicum to deltamethrin, cypermethrin and diazinon was conducted in 20 areas located in three agro climatic regions known to have abundance of the species. Results obtained by the "larval packet test" (LPT) showed a low grade resistance (level-I, RF <5) in the tick species to both deltamethrin and cypermethrin in 10 areas and higher grade resistance (level-II, RF <25) to deltamethrin in one area, where intensive use of synthetic pyrethroids are practiced for tick control. Low grade resistance to diazinon (level I) was recorded in six areas where organophosphates compounds are extensively used for agricultural practices allowing increased exposure of the moulting instars of the ticks to these chemicals. Biochemical analysis of the samples suggested involvement of esterase and alterations of acetylcholinesterase in the resistance mechanisms.

Detection of acaricidal resistance in Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum from Banaskantha district, Gujarat

“…microplus (Chaudhary and Naithani 1964; Khan and Srivastava 1977;Basu and Haldar 1997;Singh et al 2010Singh et al , 2012Singh et al , 2013bKumar et al 2011Kumar et al , 2013Sharma et al 2012). However, reports of development of resistance in multi host tick H. a. anatolicum are limited (Sangwan et al 1993;Shyma et al 2012;Singh et al 2013a). The incidence of acaricide resistance is higher in one host ticks because a much larger fraction of the total population of such species remains under chemical challenge at any one time than multi host ticks.…”

“…Resistance factors (RF) were worked out by the quotient between LC 95 of field isolates and LC 95 of susceptible isolate. On the basis of RF, the resistance status of H. a. anatolicum was classified as susceptible (RF \ 1.4), level I resistant (RF = 1.5-5.0), level II resistant (RF = 5.1-25.0), level III resistant (RF = 25.1-40) and level IV resistance (RF [ 40.1) (Shyma et al 2012).…”

“…Further, the application of the acaricides is poorly supervised, resulting in economic problems produced by phenomenon such as acaricide resistance (Rodriguez Vivas et al 2007). Although, there is a lot of information available on acaricidal resistance in one host cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Singh et al 2010Kumar et al 2011Kumar et al , 2013Sharma et al 2012), limited studies had shown the presence of resistance in H. a. anatolicum in India (Sangwan et al 1993;Shyma et al 2012;Singh et al 2013a) despite the fact that it is one of the major ticks infesting livestock of the country. Hence, the current study was undertaken to detect the development of resistance against commonly used acaricides viz.…”

Comparative in vitro anti-tick efficacy of commercially available products and newly developed phyto-formulations against field collected and resistant tick lines of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

“…Employing recently standardized discriminating concentration of commonly used anti-tick chemicals and resistant monitoring tools, the acaricide resistant status in ticks of seven states of India was worked out and found alarmingly high Sharma et al 2012;Shyma et al 2012;Singh and Rath 2014;Singh et al 2014a, b;Jyothimol et al 2014). Overall, most of the tick isolates developed resistant to multiacaricides and in many areas the efficacy of the commonly used acaricides has lost efficacy completely at optimum dose.…”

Phylogenetic analysis of some hard ticks from India using mitochondrial 16s rDNA

“…Thus there can be possible difficulties in the study of disease transmission and vector control as proper identification of the vector and understanding of the relationships between closely related species is a must for devising any effective control strategy [14][15][16]. The traditional morphology based identification is sometimes problematic due to variations caused by blood meal [17] and chances of geographical strains of tick species having different vectorial capacity [18][19][20], genetic introgression, fertile hybrids [21][22], and resistance to acaricides [23] are always there. During the past two decades several molecular markers have been used to resolve relationships and solve problems facing systematics of hard ticks in the family Ixodidae [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40].…”