Acanthosis Nigricans in Patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus at a Tertiary Care Hospital of Lahore

Abstract

Objective: Acanthosis Nigricans is characterized by skin thickening with hyperpigmentation dermatosis predominantly seen on flexural aspects & nape of neck. The objective of present study was to determine frequency of Acanthosis Nigricans among patients of type II diabetes mellitus. Study Design and Setting: This observational cross-sectional study was undertaken at Department of Medicine Azra Naheed Medical College, Superior University Lahore from August 2021 to April 2022. Methodology: Type II diabetes mellitus was defined as patients with HbA1c 7.0%, or two blood glucose random readings of =200mg/dl, or previous history of diabetes diagnosis, or taking anti-hyperglycemic medicines. Acanthosis Nigricans was defined as >2 cm poorly defined hyperpigmented skin lesions of brownish black color and velvety appearance present over the nape of neck, axillae and/or groin. Patients with non-diabetic causes of Acanthosis Nigricans were excluded. After informed consent, 340 patients of type II diabetes mellitus aged 30-75 years of both gender were enrolled using nonprobability consecutive sampling technique. Demographic information was noted and the patients were examined for Acanthosis Nigricans. Data was entered and analyzed by SPSS version 20.0. Results: Mean age was 48.2+13.8 years with 187 (55.0%) females. The mean height, weight and BMI were 1.5+0.3 meters, 57.8+11.6 kilograms and 28.8+9.5 kg/m2 respectively. The mean duration of disease was 44.2+9.3 months and Acanthosis Nigricans was seen in 86 (25.2%). Acanthosis Nigricans was not significantly associated with age, gender, BMI or duration of disease. Conclusion: Acanthosis Nigricans was present in almost a quarter of type II diabetes mellitus patients.

Prevalence of Diabetic Nephropathy among Patients of Type 2 Diabetes at Tertiary Care Hospital Lahore

“…The laboratory reports provided critical data on renal function indicators, including serum creatinine, eGFR, and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR). These data were instrumental in assessing the baseline characteristics and disease progression of the patients (12). Ethical considerations were rigorously adhered to in this study, complying with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.…”

Frequency of Restless Legs Syndrome in Pakistani Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

“…The NIH diagnostic criteria were used to define RLS as 'an urge to move the legs, usually accompanied or caused by uncomfortable or unpleasant sensations in the legs; beginning or worsening during periods of rest or inactivity such as lying or sitting; partially or totally relieved by movement such as walking or stretching; worse in the evening or at night than during the day, or only occurring in the evening or night' [ 4 ]. Type 2 diabetes mellitus was defined as patients with an HbA1c greater than 7.0%, two random blood glucose readings of ≥200 mg/dl, a previous history of diabetes diagnosis, or those taking anti-hyperglycemic medicines [ 15 ]. Nephropathy was identified by the presence of microalbuminuria on urinalysis, a urine albumin-creatinine ratio of 30-300 mg/g, and an eGFR of more than 60 ml/min per 1.73 m 2 (indicative of early nephropathy without evidence of end-stage/chronic renal disease) [ 16 ].…”