Academic skills after brain injury: A lifespan perspective.

Abstract

Objectives: This study investigated academic skills outcomes after brain injury and identified the influence of age and injury factors across the lifespan. Method: Our sample included 651 participants with focal brain lesions. Math, reading, and spelling data from the Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT) were used as the academic skills outcomes. Age of lesion onset ranged from 0 to 85 years old. Linear regressions were conducted to identify the relation between age and injury factors and academic skills outcomes. Lesionsymptom mapping was conducted to identify the brain areas that, when lesioned, were associated with deficits in academic skills. Results: A quadratic model of age of lesion onset significantly predicted math (R 2 = .28, p < .001), reading (R 2 = .29, p < .001), and spelling outcomes (R 2 = .32, p < .001), while accounting for various covariates. Education, sex, lesion size and laterality, etiology, and seizure history were additional reliable predictors of academic skills outcomes across the lifespan. Academic skill deficits were associated with damage to various brain areas across the left-hemisphere frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes, the insular area, and left-and right-hemisphere white matter. Conclusions: This study supports age of lesion onset as a relevant predictor of academic skills after brain injury in a lifespan sample. Several other variables (e.g., education, sex, lesion characteristics, and seizure history) are notable in the prediction of outcomes across the lifespan. Future work could investigate more diverse samples and emphasize recruitment of early onset injuries to examine generalizability and potential critical periods for academic skills.