Altered Neurodevelopmental Trajectories

Abstract

The developing brain grows quickly and is remarkably responsive to the environment. Because of neuroplasticity, children learn quickly and can show incredible recovery from deprivation or injury. During sensitive periods, the brain is particularly attuned to certain inputs, fueling the rapid acquisition of language and social skills. These mechanisms allow the child to become highly adapted to their environment and may confer resilience and protection in the face of change or stress. At the same time, plasticity increases the likelihood of maladaptive responses to challenges that become deeply embedded in a child’s behavioral foundation. Similarly, a lack of expected input during sensitive periods may permanently alter a child’s developmental trajectory. Differences may compound over time, leading to a widening gap between current and expected functioning. This chapter discusses how psychosocial and environmental changes during the COVID-19 pandemic, including educational disruption and stress, may have impacted brain development.