Abundancia y distribución del género Pinus en Capulálpam de Méndez, Sierra Juárez, Oaxaca

Abstract

ResumenSe analizan los factores ambientales que determinan la abundancia y distribución de las diferentes especies comerciales y aprovechadas del género Pinus en el municipio de Capulálpam de Méndez, Oaxaca. Se utilizó la información de 636 sitios en áreas de aprovechamiento del inventario forestal del municipio llevado a cabo en 2013 para el Plan de Manejo 2015-2022, y 354 puntos adicionales de áreas con uso diferente al forestal. Se obtuvo información sobre la distribución espacial y análisis del nicho ecológico de los pinos, para lo cual se emplearon nueve variables climáticas y cuatro geográficas. Se encontraron 10 especies, de las cuales P. patula presentó mayor abundancia y P. chiapensis fue la menor. El análisis de correspondencia canónica indicó que la mayoría de los pinos analizados se asocian en mayor medida con las variables climáticas que con las geográficas a excepción de la latitud. El análisis de nicho mostró que las especies del género Pinus muestran alta marginalidad y baja tolerancia a procesos de cambio ambiental, donde una modificación al hábitat podría restringir o disminuir su abundancia y distribución, siendo P. chiapensis la especie de menor tolerancia y P. patula la de mayor amplitud de nicho.Palabras clave: amplitud, hábitat, índice de marginalidad, nicho ecológico, tolerancia. AbstRActIn this study, environmental factors that determine the abundance and distribution of commercial pine species in the municipality of Capulálpam de Mendez, Oaxaca, were analyzed. We used information pertaining to tree species abundance in 636 sites established in harvesting areas from the municipal forest inventory conducted in 2013 for the Management Plan 2015-2022, as well as 354 additional sites located in areas with different land use. Data of the spatial distribution and ecological niche analysis of the species were obtained, for which nine climatic and four geographic variables were used. Ten species of pine were recorded, of which Pinus patula showed the highest abundance and P. chiapensis the lowest. Canonical Correspondence Analysis indicated that most of the pine species are more highly associated with the climatic variables than with geographic variables, except for that of latitude. Niche analysis showed that species of the genus Pinus are highly marginal and of low tolerance to processes of environmental change. Minimal alterations to their habitat could restrict or reduce their abundance and distribution, with P. chiapensis being the least tolerant species and P. patula the species that presented the broadest niche.

Diversity and niche differentiation of a mixed pine–oak forest in the Sierra Norte, Oaxaca, Mexico

“…Of the lower elevation pine species found in this cluster, P. patula, P. teocote, and P. leiophylla are considered moderately sensitive to climate change, while P. douglasiana is considered tolerant (Gómez‐Mendoza and Arriaga 2007, Galicia et al 2015). Of these pines, P. patula had the broadest altitudinal range in our study, a pattern which was also seen in another study of Oaxacan pines (Ríos‐Altamirano et al 2016). P. patula is associated with more mesic sites in another studies (Rodríguez‐Trejo and Fulé 2003), and in our model was one of the few species to be significantly correlated with northern aspects, which are likely to be slightly more mesic compared to southern‐facing slopes at latitudes above the equator.…”

“…Despite the ecological and economic importance of pine and oak in Mexico, relatively little is known about the floristics of most species. We found that species composition was significantly correlated with altitude, topography, and soil characteristics (particularly soil nutrients and organic matter content), similar to results of other studies in Mexico where altitude is the most significant explanatory factor for Quercus (Meave et al 2006, Olvera-Vargas et al 2010 and Pinus species distributions (Yeaton 1982, Alba-L opez et al 2003, R ıos-Altamirano et al 2016. In general, altitude-related moisture availability is a well-established factor driving differentiation of pine and oak in montane regions around the globe-including in Costa Rica (Kappelle et al 1995), the Himalaya region in India (Chawla et al 2008, Singh et al 2009, Saha et al 2016, and in temperate United States (Abrams 1990, Kubiske and Abrams 1992, Ashton and Berlyn 1994, Fallon and Cavender-Bares 2018.…”

“…This study examined pine and oak species distributions in a diverse community-managed forest in the Sierra Norte region of Oaxaca, Mexico, in order to assess patterns of niche differentiation and species coexistence among these two genera. The few other studies of pine-oak forest in Oaxaca have examined tree community compositions, but have delineated vegetation types solely based on the dominant pine species in a stand without examining the broader floristic assemblages or examining the environmental factors driving community differentiation across the landscape (Castellanos-Bolaños et al 2010, R ıos-Altamirano et al 2016. While such an emphasis on pine is certainly understandable given its high economic importance, research that examines entire tree communities is key for more holistic forest management that includes the management of subsistence and smaller-scale products such as oak charcoal and firewood, and is critical for v www.esajournals.org 2 April 2021 v Volume 12(4) v Article e03475 providing baseline information for conservation efforts in the face of climate change.…”

Efectos del aprovechamiento forestal en la estructura, diversidad y dinámica de rodales mixtos en la Sierra Juárez de Oaxaca, México

“…El estudio se llevó a cabo en el bosque templado de la comunidad de Calpulálpam de Méndez del municipio del mismo nombre (17°18´21" N y 96°26´42" O), dentro de la región de la Sierra Juárez en el estado de Oaxaca (Uzachi, 2003). La altitud varía de 2000 m a 3080 m snm (Ríos-Altamirano et al, 2016). El clima según la clasificación de Köppen, modificado por García (1988), corresponde a C (w2)(w): templado subhúmedo, con régimen de lluvias en verano.…”

“…En la región de la Sierra Juárez en el estado de Oaxaca, a partir de la década del año 2000 ha sido cada vez más frecuente que se realicen estudios sobre el manejo forestal y sus efectos en la estructura, composición y diversidad en el bosque mixto (p. ej. Castellanos et al, 2008;Ríos-Altamirano et al, 2016). Sin embargo, a excepción de Hernández (2007), ninguno de estos estudios utilizó la medición de sitios permanentes como una fuente de información; por lo que estudios sobre la dinámica y la demografía de rodales han sido escasos.…”