Absorption of nicotine through the oral mucosa II. Measurement of blood pressure after application of nicotine and total particulate matter

Schievelbein, H.; Eberhardt, R; Rahlfs, Volker W.; Bedall, Fritz K.

doi:10.1007/bf01968552

Cited by 11 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Among these toxic components, nicotine is the primary active substance of tobacco [ 7 ]. Nicotine can be rapidly absorbed from the oral mucosa and respiratory tract, inhaled into the lungs, and rapidly absorbed in the alveoli [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. In addition, nicotine can also be absorbed through the skin and the gastrointestinal tract [ 12 , 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Cigarette Smoke Exposure on the Gut Microbiota and Liver Transcriptome in Mice Reveal Gut–Liver Interactions

Meng

Xing

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Cigarette smoke exposure has a harmful impact on health and increases the risk of disease. However, studies on cigarette-smoke-induced adverse effects from the perspective of the gut–liver axis are lacking. In this study, we evaluated the adverse effects of cigarette smoke exposure on mice through physiological, biochemical, and histopathological analyses and explored cigarette-smoke-induced gut microbiota imbalance and changes in liver gene expression through a multiomics analysis. We demonstrated that cigarette smoke exposure caused abnormal physiological indices (including reduced body weight, blood lipids, and food intake) in mice, which also triggered liver injury and induced disorders of the gut microbiota and liver transcriptome (especially lipid metabolism). A significant correlation between intestinal bacterial abundance and the expression of lipid-metabolism-related genes was detected, suggesting the coordinated regulation of lipid metabolism by gut microbiota and liver metabolism. Specifically, Salmonella (harmful bacterium) was negatively and positively correlated with up- (such as Acsl3 and Me1) and downregulated genes (such as Angptl4, Cyp4a12a, and Plin5) involved in lipid metabolism, while Ligilactobacillus (beneficial bacterium) showed opposite trends with these genes. Our results clarified the key role of gut microbiota in liver damage and metabolism and improved the understanding of gut–liver interactions caused by cigarette smoke exposure.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Cigarette Smoke Exposure on the Gut Microbiota and Liver Transcriptome in Mice Reveal Gut–Liver Interactions

Meng

Xing

et al. 2022

IJMS

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“…As we know, extractable (i.e., free-base) nicotine contributes to the impact of cigarette smoke; by increasing free base form, ammonia can act as an impact booster” (Administration, 1995). Compared with the non-volatile, protonated form of nicotine, which is hydrophilic, free-base nicotine is lipophilic, volatile, and rapidly absorbs across membranes into a smoker’s bloodstream, contributing to the “impact” of the cigarette (Wayne and Carpenter, 2009; Henningfield et al, 2004; Armitage and Turner, 1970; Schievelbein et al, 1973a,b). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Method for the determination of ammonium in cigarette tobacco using ion chromatography

Watson

Valentín-Blasini

Damian

et al. 2015

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology

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Ammonia and other alkaline substances have been postulated to be important in cigarette design. The most significant potential contribution of ammonia is a possible interaction with the native, protonated nicotine in the smoke. Ammonia is more alkaline than nicotine and could facilitate a shift in the acid/base equilibrium where a fraction of the total nicotine converts to the more lipophilic, non-protonated form. This non-protonated, or free-base, form of nicotine absorbs more efficiently across membranes, resulting in more rapid delivery to the smoker’s bloodstream. Ammonia and other potential ammonia sources, such as additives like diammonium phosphate, could influence the acid–base dynamics in cigarette smoke and ultimately the rate of nicotine delivery. To examine and characterize the ammonia content in modern cigarettes, we developed a fast, simple and reliable ion chromatography based method to measure extractable ammonia levels in cigarette filler. This approach has minimal sample preparation and short run times to achieve high sample throughput. We quantified ammonia levels in tobacco filler from 34 non-mentholated cigarette brands from 3 manufacturers to examine the ranges found across a convenience sampling of popular, commercially available domestic brands and present figures of analytical merit here. Ammonia levels ranged from approximately 0.9 to 2.4 mg per gram of cigarette filler between brands and statistically significance differences were observed between brands and manufacturers. Our findings suggest that ammonia levels vary by brand and manufacturer; thus in domestic cigarettes ammonia could be considered a significant design feature because of the potential influence on smoke chemistry.

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“…Cigarette smoke has been characterized as being slightly more alkaline than tobacco filler ( , ). Changes in acid−base smoke chemistry or, more importantly, shifts in the equilibrium between protonated and free-base nicotine can dramatically affect nicotine's physiological properties because the protonated form is hydrophilic and the free-base form is lipophilic and readily adsorbed across membranes ( − ), dramatically increasing bioavailability. Even minor changes in the acid−base equilibrium would be expected to dramatically alter the concentrations of the protonated and free-base nicotine conjugates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solid-Phase Microextraction-Based Approach To Determine Free-Base Nicotine in Trapped Mainstream Cigarette Smoke Total Particulate Matter

Watson

Trommel

Ashley

2004

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Characterizing nicotine delivery from tobacco products is important in the understanding of their addictive potential. Most previous studies report total nicotine and have not differentiated between nicotine in its protonated or free-base form. Rather than simply determining total nicotine, the method described in this paper determines the amount of free-base nicotine associated with trapped mainstream smoke particulate matter generated using a standardized smoking machine protocol. This method quantitatively determines volatile free-base nicotine associated with the particulate phase portion of mainstream cigarette smoke using solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The headspace above total particulate matter from mainstream cigarette smoke trapped on a Cambridge filter pad (CFP) was analyzed for free-base nicotine in 26 cigarette brands. The selected cigarette brands were chosen to cover a wide range of tar and nicotine deliveries as measured under Federal Trade Commission machine smoking conditions. In the CFP's headspace the free-base nicotine levels ranged from 0.01 to 0.08 mg/cigarette. The measured ranges of free-base nicotine were remarkably similar over the different tar and nicotine delivery categories of full-flavored, light, and ultralight cigarette brands.

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Absorption of nicotine through the oral mucosa II. Measurement of blood pressure after application of nicotine and total particulate matter

Cited by 11 publications

References 3 publications

Effects of Cigarette Smoke Exposure on the Gut Microbiota and Liver Transcriptome in Mice Reveal Gut–Liver Interactions

Effects of Cigarette Smoke Exposure on the Gut Microbiota and Liver Transcriptome in Mice Reveal Gut–Liver Interactions

Method for the determination of ammonium in cigarette tobacco using ion chromatography

Solid-Phase Microextraction-Based Approach To Determine Free-Base Nicotine in Trapped Mainstream Cigarette Smoke Total Particulate Matter

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