“…In these studies, father absence was linked to children's social-emotional maladjustment, lower proportion of high school graduation, and mental health problems in adulthood (McLanahan et al, 2013) and to maladaptive behavior, poor academic achievement, low self-identity and risk behavior, including early sexual relationships and drug use among adolescents (East et al, 2006). Father absence has also been associated with criminal behavior and arrest among adolescents and young adults (TenEyck et al, 2021) and greater risk for psychopathology, lower perceived romantic intimacy, commitment, and passion, and a more negative retrospective recall of maternal bonding in terms of care and overprotection among young adults (Reuven-Krispin et al, 2021). Other studies, however, found no link between father absence and, for instance, frequency of tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis use during adolescence (DelPriore et al, 2021) or children's aggression (Kim & Glassgow, 2018).…”