Absence of MxA induction by interferon β in patients with MS reflects complete loss of bioactivity

Abstract

In neutralizing antibody (NAb)-positive patients without an MxA response, we were not able to detect differential expression of any of the 1077 interferon (IFN) beta-regulated genes identified in NAb-negative patients. Lack of MxA in vivo response in patients with multiple sclerosis with NAbs is a reliable marker of a completely blocked biologic response to IFNbeta, with no indication of residual bioactivity.

Development of interferon beta-neutralising antibodies in multiple sclerosis—a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…The myxovirus resistance protein (MxA, encoded by the MX1 gene) is among the best validated markers for detection of NAbs and is increasingly used in daily clinical practice [64]. Tables 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 illustrate the criteria for NAb positivity or can be defined as once positive always positive, positive on two consecutive occasions is positive or positive in any two occasions is positive.…”

Enhanced in Vivo Efficacy of a Type I Interferon Superagonist with Extended Plasma Half-life in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis

“…Indeed, MX1 in particular has often been used as a reference marker to test for correlation between gene expression and response to IFN␤ therapy in MS. However, although associations have been found, it is of limited predictive value (42)(43)(44)(45)(46)(47).…”

Molecular Biomarkers in Multiple Sclerosis

“…A subgroup of individuals has a relatively high expression level of MX1, without showing signs of any sickness like an active viral infection. In the MS scenario this high MX1 expression is in some publications discussed to may be beneficial for IFN beta treatment response or to may be connected with a poor response to IFN beta [77,84,85]. Our group examined MS patients before IFN beta therapy onset.…”