Absence of Genotoxic and Mutagenic Effects ofZingiber zerumbet(L.) Smith (Zingiberaceae) Extract

Abstract

The present study evaluated the potential genotoxicity of the ethanol extracts from the rhizome of Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith (EEZZR) using a standard battery of tests. Chemical analysis with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry revealed that EEZZR contained Zerumbone (200.3 ± 0.37 μg/g) and 6-gingerol (102.5 ± 0.28 μg/g). There were no increases in the number of revertant colonies with EEZZR at concentrations of 150–5000 μg per plate, regardless of the metabolic activation system (S-9 mix) used in the histidine-dependent auxotrophic mutants of Salmonella typhimurium (strains TA97, TA98, TA100, TA102, and TA1535) compared to the vehicle control. Furthermore, EEZZR at doses of 150–5000 μg mL−1 did not increase the number of structural aberrations in Chinese hamster lung cells in the presence or absence of S-9 mix. An oral administration of EEZZR to ICR mice, with doses of up to 2000 mg/kg, caused no significant increases in the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) and mean ratio of polychromatic erythrocytes to total erythrocytes. Lastly, RZZEE did not increase the incidence of MNPCEs in bone marrow. Based on these findings, it may be concluded that the use of EEZZR in traditional medicine poses no risk of genotoxicity.

The Ethanol Extract ofZingiber zerumbetAttenuates Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Nephropathy in Rats

“…The chemical constituents that are more frequently found in EEZZR are flavonoids, such as kaempferol, quercetin, and curcumin [15, 17, 18]. The volatile oils of EEZZR have been reported to contain a cyclic sesquiterpene zerumbone or 2,6,9-humulatrien-8-one as the major component, as well as humulene and camphene [8].…”

“…The phytochemical screening of EEZZR revealed the presence of the following classes of chemical compounds: alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, phenols, polyphenols, and sugar [17]. The contents of kaempferol, quercetin, curcumin, zerumbone, and 6-gingerol in EEZZR were 266.32 ± 0.21, 82.20 ± 0.14, 75.32 ± 0.18, 200.3 ± 0.37, and 102.5 ± 0.28  μ g/g, respectively [15, 17, 18]. …”

Gingerols and shogaols: Important nutraceutical principles from ginger

“…Although the rhizomes of ginger are the primary source of GNs, many species of the Zingiberaceae, in addition to others, produce GNs as major compounds. These compounds have been reported to be present in other species in the genus Zingiber and also in related genera, including Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith (Zingiberaceae) (Chang et al, 2012) and Aframomum melegueta K. Schum. (Zingiberaceae) (Groblacher et al, 2012).…”

Isolation and Identification of Naturally Occurring Larvicidal Compound Isolated From Zingiber Zerumbet (L).J.E. Smith.

“…Several aromatic and flavonoid compounds have also been isolated from the chloroform extract of Z. zerumbet rhizome, while some terpenoid compounds were isolated from Z. zerumbet roots [21,22]. The existence of sesquiterpenoids (zerumbone, humulene, caryophyllene, and zingiberene) as well as monoterpenoids (borneol, linalool, camphene, eucalyptol, and myrcene) has also been reported [23,24]. SalvadorNeto et al [25] found that sesquiterpene (+)-obtusol isolated from Alga Laurencia dendroidea J. Agardh had a potent larvicidal activity against A. aegypti larvae.…”