Abscisic Acid, High-Light, and Oxidative Stress Down-Regulate a Photosynthetic Gene via a Promoter Motif Not Involved in Phytochrome-Mediated Transcriptional Regulation

Abstract

In etiolated seedlings, light perceived by phytochrome promotes the expression of light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein of photosystem II (Lhcb) genes. However, excess of photosynthetically active radiation can reduce Lhcb expression. Here, we investigate the convergence and divergence of phytochrome, high-light stress and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling, which could connect these processes. Etiolated Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings bearing an Lhcb promoter fused to a reporter were exposed to continuous far-red light to activate phytochrome and not photosynthesis, and treated with ABA. We identified a cis-acting region of the promoter required for down-regulation by ABA. This region contains a CCAC sequence recently found to be necessary for ABI4-binding to an Lhcb promoter. However, we did not find a G-box-binding core motif often associated with the ABI4-binding site in genes promoted by light and repressed by ABI4. Mutations involving this motif also impaired the responses to reduced water potential, the response to high photosynthetic light and the response to methyl viologen but not the response to low temperature or to Norflurazon. We propose a model based on current and previous findings, in which hydrogen peroxide produced in the chloroplasts under high light conditions interacts with the ABA signaling network to regulate Lhcb expression. Since the mutation that affects high-light and methyl viologen responses does not affect phytochrome-mediated responses, the regulation by retrograde and phytochrome signaling can finally be separated at the target promoter level.

The multifaceted role of ABA in disease resistance

“…It binds to the CCAC core motif in promoters of lightand ABA-responsive genes [31] and mutations in this motif affect ABA-, high light-and H 2 O 2 -dependent gene regulation [32]. Hence, ABI4 integrates ROS and ABA signaling at the transcriptional level.…”

Influence of plastids on light signalling and development

“…Other attempts to show that gun mutants are resistant to norflurazon were not successful [26,44,45]. Indeed, ROS and blocking chloroplast biogenesis with norflurazon appeared to activate distinct plastid-to-nucleus signalling mechanisms [44,46].…”

“…Light and plastid signals appear distinct because plastid signals can regulate PhANG expression in the dark [5,19,48]. Plastid-to-nucleus signalling that is activated by chloroplastic ROS uses distinct promoter elements from those activated by blocking chloroplast biogenesis with norflurazon treatments [46].…”

The impact of LED illumination on antioxidant properties of sprouted seeds

“…Moreover, lighting conditions might evoke the photoxidative changes in plants, which lead to the altered action of the antioxidant defense system: increased contents and activity of antioxidative enzymes, carotenoid, tocopherol, flavonoid and ascorbate. It is known how the light irradiance level affects different plants [18,19], although the knowledge regarding the effect of light spectral quality for metabolism is still limited. It has been demonstrated that exposure to light-emitting diodes (LED) radiation can increase the antioxidant activity in pea seedlings [20] and the phenolic content in buckwheat sprouts [21].…”