About universes with scale‐related total masses and their abolition of presently outstanding cosmological problems

Abstract

The most recently celebrated cosmological implications of the cosmic microwave background studies with WMAP (2006), though fascinating by themselves, do, however, create some extremely hard conceptual challenges for the present-day cosmology. These recent extremely refined WMAP observations seem to reflect a universe which was extremely homogeneous at the recombination age and thus is obviously causally closed at the time of the cosmic recombination era. From the very tiny fluctuations apparent at this early epoch the presently observable nonlinear cosmic density structures can, however, only have grown up, if in addition to a mysteriously high percentage of dark matter an even higher percentage of dark energy is admitted as drivers of the cosmic evolution. The required dark energy density, on the other hand, is nevertheless 120 orders of magnitude smaller then the theoretically calculated value. These are outstanding problems of present day cosmology onto which we are looking here under new auspices. We shall investigate in the following, up to what degree a universe simply abolishes all these outstanding problems in case it reveals itself as an universe of constant total energy. As we shall show basic questions like: How could the gigantic mass of the universe of about 10 80 proton masses at all become created? -Why is the presently recognized and obviously indispensable cosmic vacuum energy density so terribly much smaller than is expected from quantum theoretical considerations, but nevertheless terribly important for the cosmic evolution? -Why is the universe within its world horizon a causally closed system? -, can perhaps simply be answered, when the assumption is made that the universe has a constant total energy with the consequence that the total mass density of the universe (matter and vacuum) scales with R −2 u . Such a scaling of matter and vacuum energy abolishes the horizon problem, and the cosmic vacuum energy density can easily be reconciled with its theoretical expectation values. In this model the mass of the universe increases linearly with the world extension Ru and can grow up from a Planck mass as a vacuum fluctuation.

Revised Concepts for Cosmic Vacuum Energy and Binding Energy: Innovative Cosmology

“…the space-like sum of all masses within the mass horizon associated to this point. One way to define such a quantity has been mathematically carried out by Fahr & Heyl (2007b) and leads to the following mathematical expression of cosmic mass…”

“…Figure 3 shows the dependence of ρ(l) on the power-law index α. Now the potential energy of this organized, clustered matter can be calculated according to Fahr and Heyl (2007b) …”

The Thermodynamics of a Gravitating Vacuum

“…If we include the negatively valued gravitational self-binding energy (see Fahr & Heyl 2007a, 2007b into the total internal energy of a cosmic sphere with radius R, then instead of the above relation one obtains the following more complicate thermodynamic equation:…”

“…Requiring a universe where in every instant the positively valued vacuum energy is compensated by its gravitationally induced self-binding energy, then , in addition to the above thermodynamic requirement, one has to also fullfill the following relation (see Fahr & Heyl 2007a, 2007b) for a vanishing total vacuum energy…”

“…In the presence of real matter the argumentation, however, is much more complicate as we have discussed at several places in the literature (Overduin & Fahr 2001;Fahr 2004;Fahr & Heyl 2007a, 2007bFahr & Sokaliwska 2012). Especially it is then highly questionable whether under such conditions a constant vacuum energy density can at all be expected as an option.…”